Author: Mourad Takla

You have done well in letting me know about the discussion you had with the supporters of Arianism, among whom were certain friends of Eusebius, as well as very many of the brothers who hold the teaching of the Church. I welcomed your vigilance for the love of Christ, which excellently exposed the irreligion of their heresy. At the same time, I marveled at the boldness that led the Arians, after all the previous exposure of the unsoundness and emptiness of their arguments—indeed, after everyone became convinced of their extreme perverseness—to still complain like the Jews: Why did the Fathers at Nicaea use terms not in Scripture, 'of the ousia' and 'one in ousia'? You then, as a learned man, in spite of their evasions, proved that they were talking nonsense, and in devising these evasions they were simply acting in keeping with their own evil disposition. For they are as changeable and unstable in their beliefs as chameleons are in their colors. When they are exposed they look confused, and when they are questioned they hesitate, and then they lose all shame and resort to evasions. And then, when they are caught in these, they do not stop until they invent fresh falsehoods, and, according to Scripture, 'imagine a vain thing'—all so that they may remain constant in their irreligion.

1. Thou hast done well, in signifying to me the discussion you have had with the advocates of Arianism, among whom were certain of the friends of Eusebius, as well as very many of the brethren who hold the doctrine of the Church. I hailed your vigilance for the love of Christ, which excellently exposed the irreligion of their heresy; while I marvelled at the effrontery which led the Arians, after all the past detection of unsoundness and futility in their arguments, nay, after the general conviction of their extreme perverseness, still to complain like the Jews, Why did the Fathers at Nicæa use terms not in Scripture, 'Of the essence ' and 'One in essence?' Thou then, as a man of learning, in spite of their subterfuges, convicted them of talking to no purpose; and they in devising them were but acting suitably to their own evil disposition. For they are as variable and fickle in their sentiments, as chameleons in their colors; and when exposed they look confused, and when questioned they hesitate, and then they lose shame, and betake themselves to evasions. And then, when detected in these, they do not rest till they invent fresh matters which are not, and, according to the Scripture, ' imagine a vain thing '; and all that they may be constant to their irreligion.

These kinds of efforts are nothing but a clear sign of their lack of sound reasoning and, as I said, an imitation of Jewish hostility. For the Jews too, when proven wrong by the Truth and unable to face it, made excuses like, "What sign do You do, that we may see and believe You? What do You work?" even though so many signs had been given that they themselves said, "What shall we do? For this man does many miracles." In fact, dead people were raised, the lame walked, the blind saw again, lepers were cleansed, water became wine, five loaves fed five thousand, and everyone marveled and worshiped the Lord, confessing that the prophecies were fulfilled in Him and that He was God the Son of God—everyone except the Pharisees, who, even though the signs shone brighter than the sun, still complained like ignorant people, "Why do You, being a man, make Yourself God?" Foolish and truly blind in their understanding! They should have said the opposite: Why have You, being God, become man? For His works proved He was God, so that they might worship the goodness of the Father and admire the Son's plan of salvation for us. But they did not say this. No, they did not want to acknowledge what He was doing. Or rather, they did acknowledge it—for they could not help that—but then they changed their complaint again: Why do You heal the paralyzed, why do You make the blind see, on the sabbath day? But this too was just an excuse and mere grumbling, for the Lord healed "all manner of sickness, and all manner of disease" on other days as well, yet they still complained as usual, and by calling Him Beelzebub, they chose the accusation of atheism rather than admit their own wickedness. And though the Savior showed His divinity and preached the Father to everyone at many different times and in various ways, they still resisted stubbornly, contradicting Him with foolish words. They did this, according to the divine proverb, so that by finding reasons to complain, they might separate themselves from the truth.

Now such endeavours are nothing else than an obvious token of their defect of reason, and a copying, as I have said, of Jewish malignity. For the Jews too, when convicted by the Truth, and unable to confront it, used evasions, such as, 'What sign do You do, that we may see and believe You? What do You work? John 6:30 Though so many signs were given, that they said themselves, 'What do we? For this man does many miracles.' In truth, dead men were raised, lame walked, blind saw afresh, lepers were cleansed, and the water became wine, and five loaves satisfied five thousand, and all wondered and worshipped the Lord, confessing that in Him were fulfilled the prophecies, and that He was God the Son of God; all but the Pharisees, who, though the signs shone brighter than the sun, yet complained still, as ignorant men, 'Why do You, being a man, make Yourself God?' Insensate, and verily blind in understanding! They ought contrariwise to have said, Why have You, being God, become man? for His works proved Him God, that they might both worship the goodness of the Father, and admire the Son's Economy for our sakes. However, this they did not say; no, nor liked to witness what He was doing; or they witnessed indeed, for this they could not help, but they changed their ground of complaint again, Why do You heal the paralytic, why do You make born-blind to see, on the sabbath day? But this too was an excuse, and mere murmuring; for on other days as well did the Lord heal 'all manner of sickness, and all manner of disease Matthew 4:23,' but they complained still according to their wont, and by calling Him Beelzebub, preferred the suspicion of Atheism, to a recantation of their own wickedness. And though in such sundry times and various manners the Saviour showed His Godhead and preached the Father to all men, nevertheless, as kicking against the pricks, they contradicted in the language of folly, and this they did, according to the divine proverb, that by finding occasions, they might separate themselves from the truth.

Just as the Jews of that time were justly deprived of their laws and the promises made to their fathers for acting so wickedly and denying the Lord, so the Arians now, acting like Jews, are in my view in the same situation as Caiaphas and the Pharisees of his day. Realizing that their heresy is completely unreasonable, they make up excuses: Why was this defined and not that? Don't be surprised if they act this way now, for before long they will turn to violence and soon will threaten with armed force. Indeed, their false teaching finds its support in such tactics, as we can see, for having denied the Word of God, they have no rational argument at all, as is only fitting. Knowing this, I would not have bothered to answer their questions. But since you kindly asked to know what happened at the Council, I have promptly told you what took place, showing in a few words how completely devoid of true religion Arianism is, and how their only business is to make up excuses.

2. As then the Jews of that day, for acting thus wickedly and denying the Lord, were with justice deprived of their laws and of the promise made to their fathers, so the Arians, Judaizing now, are, in my judgment, in circumstances like those of Caiaphas and the contemporary Pharisees. For, perceiving that their heresy is utterly unreasonable, they invent excuses, Why was this defined, and not that? Yet wonder not if now they practise thus; for in no long time they will turn to outrage, and next will threaten 'the band and the captain.' Forsooth in these their heterodoxy has its support, as we see; for denying the Word of God, reason have they none at all, as is equitable. Aware then of this, I would have made no reply to their interrogations: but, since your friendliness has asked to know the transactions of the Council, I have without any delay related at once what then took place, showing in few words, how destitute Arianism is of a religious spirit, and how their one business is to frame evasions.

Consider this carefully, beloved. If the devil has planted this perversion in their hearts and they feel confident in their wicked ideas, then let them defend themselves against the proofs of heresy that have been presented. After that, there will be time to criticize the definition written against them—if they can. No one who has been convicted of murder or adultery is allowed, after the trial, to attack the judge's sentence by questioning why he spoke one way and not another. This does not excuse the convicted person, but rather adds to his crime by demonstrating insolence and arrogance. In the same way, these people should either prove that their beliefs are orthodox—since they were accused and convicted at that time, and their complaints came afterwards, and it is right that those who are accused should focus on defending themselves—or if their conscience is unclean and they are aware of their own irreligion, they should not complain about what they do not understand. Otherwise they will bring a double accusation upon themselves: both irreligion and ignorance. Instead, they should examine the matter with a teachable spirit, and by learning what they have not known until now, cleanse their irreligious ears with the fountain of truth and the teachings of true religion.

And do thou, beloved, consider whether it be not so. If, the devil having sowed their hearts with this perverseness, they feel confidence in their bad inventions, let them defend themselves against the proofs of heresy which have been advanced, and then will be the time to find fault, if they can, with the definition framed against them. For no one, on being convicted of murder or adultery, is at liberty after the trial to arraign the sentence of the judge, why he spoke in this way and not in that. For this does not exculpate the convict, but rather increases his crime on the score of petulance and audacity. In like manner, let these either prove that their sentiments are religious (for they were then accused and convicted, and their complaints are subsequent, and it is just that those who are under a charge should confine themselves to their own defense), or if they have an unclean conscience, and are aware of their own irreligion, let them not complain of what they do not understand, or they will bring on themselves a double imputation, of irreligion and of ignorance. Rather let them investigate the matter in a docile spirit, and learning what hitherto they have not known, cleanse their irreligious ears with the spring of truth and the doctrines of religion.

Here's what actually happened to Eusebius and his associates at the Council of Nicaea. While they persisted in their irreligion and tried to fight against God, the language they used was filled with irreligious content. But the assembled bishops, numbering around three hundred, gently and charitably asked them to explain and defend their position on religious grounds. However, as soon as they began to speak, they were condemned, and they contradicted one another. Then, realizing the impossible position their heresy was in, they fell silent, and by their silence they admitted the disgrace that fell upon their false teaching. At this point the bishops rejected the terms they had invented and published the sound, ecclesiastical faith. When everyone signed it, Eusebius and his associates also signed it, using those very words they now complain about—I mean, "of the ousia" and "one in ousia," and that the Son of God is neither creature nor work, nor among things that came into being, but that the Word is an offspring from the ousia of the Father. What is truly remarkable is that Eusebius of Caesarea in Palestine, who had denied this the day before but then signed it, sent a letter to his church saying that this was the church's faith and the tradition of the Fathers. He publicly admitted that they had previously been in error and had rashly contended against the truth. Though at the time he was ashamed to adopt these terms and excused himself to his church in his own way, he certainly implies all this in his letter by not denying "one in ousia" and "of the ousia." In doing this he got himself into difficulty, because while excusing himself, he went on to attack the Arians for saying that the Son did not exist before his generation, and thereby rejecting his existence before his birth in the flesh. Acacius is also aware of this, though he too may pretend otherwise out of fear because of the times and deny the fact. Accordingly, I have attached Eusebius's letter at the end so that you may learn from it about the disrespect that Christ's enemies, particularly Acacius himself, show toward their own teachers.

3. Now it happened to Eusebius and his fellows in the Nicene Council as follows:– while they stood out in their irreligion, and attempted their fight against God, the terms they used were replete with irreligion; but the assembled Bishops who were three hundred more or less, mildly and charitably required of them to explain and defend themselves on religious grounds. Scarcely, however, did they begin to speak, when they were condemned, and one differed from another; then perceiving the straits in which their heresy lay, they remained dumb, and by their silence confessed the disgrace which came upon their heterodoxy. On this the Bishops, having negatived the terms they had invented, published against them the sound and ecclesiastical faith; and, as all subscribed it, Eusebius and his fellows subscribed it also in those very words, of which they are now complaining, I mean, of the essence and one in essence, and that the Son of God is neither creature or work, nor in the number of things originated, but that the Word is an offspring from the substance of the Father. And what is strange indeed, Eusebius of Cæsarea in Palestine, who had denied the day before, but afterwards subscribed, sent to his Church a letter, saying that this was the Church's faith, and the tradition of the Fathers; and made a public profession that they were before in error, and were rashly contending against the truth. For though he was ashamed at that time to adopt these phrases, and excused himself to the Church in his own way, yet he certainly means to imply all this in his Epistle, by his not denying the one in essence, and of the essence. And in this way he got into a difficulty; for while he was excusing himself, he went on to attack the Arians, as stating that the Son was not before His generation, and as thereby rejecting His existence before His birth in the flesh. And this Acacius is aware of also, though he too through fear may pretend otherwise because of the times and deny the fact. Accordingly I have subjoined at the end the letter of Eusebius, that you may know from it the disrespect towards their own doctors shown by Christ's enemies, and singularly by Acacius himself.

Are they not committing a crime in even thinking about contradicting such a great and ecumenical Council? Are they not transgressing when they dare to oppose that good definition against Arianism, which is acknowledged even by those who first taught them irreligion? And even if Eusebius and his companions did change their minds after signing and returned like dogs to their own vomit of irreligion, don't those who oppose the Council today deserve even greater hatred? They sacrifice their souls' freedom to others and are willing to accept as masters of their heresy people who are, as James has said, double-minded men, unstable in all their ways, never holding one opinion but constantly changing back and forth. These people now recommend certain statements but soon dishonor them, and then turn around and recommend what they were just criticizing. But this, as the Shepherd has said, is the mark of the devil and the characteristic of peddlers rather than teachers. What our Fathers have handed down is truly doctrine, and this is truly the mark of teachers: to confess the same thing as each other and to vary neither from themselves nor from their fathers. Those who lack this character should be called not true teachers but evil ones. Thus the Greeks, since they don't witness to the same doctrines but quarrel with one another, have no truth in their teaching. But the holy and true heralds of the truth agree with each other and do not differ. For though they lived at different times, they all point the same way, being prophets of the one God and preaching the same Word harmoniously.

4. Are they not then committing a crime, in their very thought to gainsay so great and ecumenical a Council? Are they not in transgression, when they dare to confront that good definition against Arianism, acknowledged, as it is, by those who had in the first instance taught them irreligion? And supposing, even after subscription, Eusebius and his fellows did change again, and return like dogs to their own vomit of irreligion, do not the present gain-sayers deserve still greater detestation, because they thus sacrifice their souls' liberty to others; and are willing to take these persons as masters of their heresy, who are, as James James 1:8 has said, double-minded men, and unstable in all their ways, not having one opinion, but changing to and fro, and now recommending certain statements, but soon dishonouring them, and in turn recommending what just now they were blaming? But this, as the Shepherd has said, is the child of the devil, and the note of hucksters rather than of doctors. For, what our Fathers have delivered, this is truly doctrine; and this is truly the token of doctors, to confess the same thing with each other, and to vary neither from themselves nor from their fathers; whereas they who have not this character are to be called not true doctors but evil. Thus the Greeks, as not witnessing to the same doctrines, but quarrelling one with another, have no truth of teaching; but the holy and veritable heralds of the truth agree together, and do not differ. For though they lived in different times, yet they one and all tend the same way, being prophets of the one God, and preaching the same Word harmoniously.

And so what Moses taught, Abraham observed; and what Abraham observed, Noah and Enoch acknowledged, distinguishing pure from impure and becoming acceptable to God. Abel too witnessed in this way, knowing what he had learned from Adam, who himself had learned from the Lord, who said when He came at the end of the ages to abolish sin, "I give no new commandment to you, but an old commandment which you have heard from the beginning." Therefore the blessed Apostle Paul, who had learned it from Him, when describing ecclesiastical functions, forbade that deacons—not to mention bishops—should be double-tongued; and in his rebuke of the Galatians, he made a broad declaration: "If anyone preaches any other Gospel to you than what you have received, let him be anathema, as I have said, so I say again. If even we, or an angel from heaven should preach to you any other Gospel than what you have received, let him be anathema." Since the Apostle speaks this way, let these men either anathematize Eusebius and his companions, at least for changing their position and professing what contradicts their subscriptions; or, if they acknowledge that their subscriptions were good, let them not make complaints against so great a Council. But if they do neither one nor the other, they are plainly the sport of every wind and wave, and are influenced by opinions not their own but others', and being such, they are just as unworthy of attention now as before in what they claim. Rather let them stop criticizing what they do not understand, lest they fail to discriminate and simply call evil good and good evil, and think that bitter is sweet and sweet is bitter. Clearly, they want doctrines that have been judged wrong and condemned to gain the upper hand, and they make violent efforts to undermine what was rightly defined. There should be no reason for any further explanation or answer to their excuses on our part, nor for further resistance on theirs, but rather for agreement with what the leaders of their heresy subscribed. For though the subsequent change of Eusebius and his companions was suspicious and immoral, their subscription—when they had at least some small opportunity to defend themselves—is certain proof of the irreligion of their doctrine. For they would not have subscribed earlier had they not condemned the heresy, nor would they have condemned it had they not been surrounded with difficulty and shame; so that changing back again is proof of their contentious zeal for irreligion. These men should therefore, as I have said, keep quiet. But since from an extraordinary lack of modesty they perhaps hope to be able to advocate this diabolical irreligion better than the others, therefore, though in my former letter written to you I have already argued at length against them, nevertheless, come let us now also examine them in each of their separate statements, as we did their predecessors. For now no less than then their heresy shall be shown to have no soundness in it, but to be from evil spirits.

5. And thus what Moses taught, that Abraham observed; and what Abraham observed, that Noah and Enoch acknowledged, discriminating pure from impure, and becoming acceptable to God. For Abel too in this way witnessed, knowing what he had learned from Adam, who himself had learned from that Lord, who said, when He came at the end of the ages for the abolishment of sin, I give no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment, which you have heard from the beginning 1 John 2:7. Wherefore also the blessed Apostle Paul, who had learned it from Him, when describing ecclesiastical functions, forbade that deacons, not to say bishops, should be double-tongued 1 Timothy 3:8; and in his rebuke of the Galatians, he made a broad declaration, If anyone preach any other Gospel unto you than that you have received, let him be anathema, as I have said, so say I again. If even we, or an Angel from heaven should preach unto you any other Gospel than that you have received, let him be anathema Galatians 1:8-9. Since then the Apostle thus speaks, let these men either anathematise Eusebius and his fellows, at least as changing round and professing what is contrary to their subscriptions; or, if they acknowledge that their subscriptions were good, let them not utter complaints against so great a Council. But if they do neither the one nor the other, they are themselves too plainly the sport of every wind and surge, and are influenced by opinions, not their own, but of others, and being such, are as little worthy of deference now as before, in what they allege. Rather let them cease to carp at what they understand not; lest so be that not knowing to discriminate, they simply call evil good and good evil, and think that bitter is sweet and sweet is bitter. Doubtless, they desire that doctrines which have been judged wrong and have been reprobated should gain the ascendancy, and they make violent efforts to prejudice what was rightly defined. Nor should there be any reason on our part for any further explanation, or answer to their excuses, neither on theirs for further resistance, but for an acquiescence in what the leaders of their heresy subscribed; for though the subsequent change of Eusebius and his fellows was suspicious and immoral, their subscription, when they had the opportunity of at least some little defense of themselves, is a certain proof of the irreligion of their doctrine. For they would not have subscribed previously had they not condemned the heresy, nor would they have condemned it, had they not been encompassed with difficulty and shame; so that to change back again is a proof of their contentious zeal for irreligion. These men also ought therefore, as I have said, to keep quiet; but since from an extraordinary want of modesty, they hope perhaps to be able to advocate this diabolical irreligion better than the others, therefore, though in my former letter written to you, I have already argued at length against them, notwithstanding, come let us now also examine them, in each of their separate statements, as their predecessors; for now not less than then their heresy shall be shown to have no soundness in it, but to be from evil spirits.

They say what others held and dared to maintain before them: Not always Father, not always Son, for the Son did not exist before His generation, but like other creatures came to be from nothing. Consequently, God was not always Father of the Son, but only when the Son came to be and was created did God begin to be called His Father. For the Word is a creature and a work, foreign and unlike the Father in ousia, and the Son is neither by physis the Father's true Word nor His only and true Wisdom. Rather, being a creature and one of the works, He is improperly called Word and Wisdom, for He was made by the Word which is in God, just as all things were. Therefore the Son is not true God.

6. They say then what the others held and dared to maintain before them; Not always Father, not always Son; for the Son was not before His generation, but, as others, came to be from nothing; and in consequence God was not always Father of the Son; but, when the Son came to be and was created, then was God called His Father. For the Word is a creature and a work, and foreign and unlike the Father in essence; and the Son is neither by nature the Father's true Word, nor His only and true Wisdom; but being a creature and one of the works, He is improperly called Word and Wisdom; for by the Word which is in God was He made, as were all things. Wherefore the Son is not true God.

To help them understand what they are actually saying, we should first ask them this: what exactly is a son, and what does that word mean? In fact, Holy Scripture shows us two different meanings of this word. One meaning is what Moses presents to us in the Law: "When you listen to the voice of the Lord your God, keeping all His commandments which I command you this day, doing what is right in the eyes of the Lord your God, you are children of the Lord your God." We also see this meaning in the Gospel, where John says, "But as many as received Him, to them He gave the power to become the sons of God." The other meaning is the one in which Isaac is the son of Abraham, Jacob is the son of Isaac, and the Patriarchs are the sons of Jacob. So in which of these two senses do they understand the Son of God when they tell such stories as we have heard? I am quite sure they will end up with the same false teaching as Eusebius and his associates.

Now it may serve to make them understand what they are saying, to ask them first this, what in fact a son is, and of what is that name significant. In truth, Divine Scripture acquaints us with a double sense of this word:– one which Moses sets before us in the Law, 'When you shall hearken to the voice of the Lord your God, to keep all His commandments which I command you this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the Lord your God, you are children of the Lord your God;' as also in the Gospel, John says, 'But as many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God John 1:12:'– and the other sense, that in which Isaac is son of Abraham, and Jacob of Isaac, and the Patriarchs of Jacob. Now in which of these two senses do they understand the Son of God that they relate such fables as the foregoing? For I feel sure they will issue in the same irreligion with Eusebius and his fellows.

If they mean the first sense—which applies to those who gain the title of son through grace based on moral progress and receive the power to become sons of God (for this is what their predecessors claimed)—then He would appear to differ from us in nothing. In fact, He would not even be Only-begotten, since He would have obtained the title of Son just like others, through His virtue. For even granting what they say—that because His qualifications were foreknown, He therefore received grace from the very beginning, along with the title and the glory that comes with it, right from His first existence—there would still be no difference between Him and those who receive the title after their actions, as long as He has the character of son on the same basis as everyone else. For Adam too, though he received grace from the start and was placed in paradise immediately upon his creation, was no different from Enoch, who was brought there some time after his birth because he pleased God, or from the Apostle, who was likewise caught up to paradise after his actions. Nor was he different from the thief who, on the basis of his confession, received a promise that he would be in paradise immediately.

If in the first, which belongs to those who gain the name by grace from moral improvement, and receive power to become sons of God (for this is what their predecessors said), then He would seem to differ from us in nothing; no, nor would He be Only-begotten, as having obtained the title of Son as others from His virtue. For granting what they say, that, whereas His qualifications were fore- known, He therefore received grace from the first, the name, and the glory of the name, from His very first beginning, still there will be no difference between Him and those who receive the name after their actions, so long as this is the ground on which He as others has the character of son. For Adam too, though he received grace from the first, and upon his creation was at once placed in paradise, differed in no respect either from Enoch, who was translated there after some time from his birth on his pleasing God, or from the Apostle, who likewise was caught up to Paradise after his actions; nay, not from him who once was a thief, who on the ground of his confession, received a promise that he should be immediately in paradise.

When pressed on this point, they will perhaps give an answer that has gotten them into trouble many times before: We believe that the Son has this special privilege over others, and is therefore called Only-begotten, because He alone was brought into being by God alone, and all other things were created by God through the Son. Now I wonder who suggested to you such a weak and novel idea—that the Father alone worked with His own hand to make the Son alone, and that all other things were brought into being by the Son as if by an assistant worker. If God was satisfied with making only the Son because of the labor involved, instead of making all things at once, this is an irreligious thought, especially for those who know the words of Isaiah: "The everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth, does not hunger or grow weary; there is no searching of His understanding" (Isaiah 40:28). Rather, it is He who gives strength to the hungry and, through His Word, refreshes those who labor. Again, it is irreligious to suppose that He disdained, as if it were a lowly task, to form the creatures Himself that came after the Son. For there is no pride in that God who goes down with Jacob into Egypt, who corrects Abimelek for Abraham's sake because of Sarah, who speaks face to face with Moses (himself a man), who descends upon Mount Sinai, and who by His hidden grace fights for the people against Amalek. However, you are wrong even in this claim, for "He made us, and not we ourselves." It is He who, through His Word, made all things small and great, and we may not divide creation and say this is the Father's and this is the Son's. Rather, they are from one God, who uses His own Word as a Hand, and in Him does all things. God Himself shows us this when He says, "All these things My Hand has made" (Isaiah 66:2), while Paul taught us what he had learned: that "There is one God, from whom are all things; and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things" (1 Corinthians 8:6). Thus He, always as now, speaks to the sun and it rises, and commands the clouds and it rains upon one place; and where it does not rain, it is dried up. And He commands the earth to yield her fruits, and fashions Jeremiah in the womb (Jeremiah 1:5). But if He now does all this, certainly at the beginning He did not disdain to make all things Himself through the Word, for these present acts are simply parts of the whole.

7. When thus pressed, they will perhaps make an answer which has brought them into trouble many times already; We consider that the Son has this prerogative over others, and therefore is called Only-begotten, because He alone was brought to be by God alone, and all other things were created by God through the Son. Now I wonder who it was that suggested to you so futile and novel an idea as that the Father alone wrought with His own hand the Son alone, and that all other things were brought to be by the Son as by an under-worker. If for the toil's sake God was content with making the Son only, instead of making all things at once, this is an irreligious thought, especially in those who know the words of Esaias, 'The everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth, hungers not, neither is weary; there is no searching of His understanding Isaiah 40:28.' Rather it is He who gives strength to the hungry, and through His Word refreshes the labouring. Again, it is irreligious to suppose that He disdained, as if a humble task, to form the creatures Himself which came after the Son; for there is no pride in that God, who goes down with Jacob into Egypt, and for Abraham's sake corrects Abimelek because of Sara, and speaks face to face with Moses, himself a man, and descends upon Mount Sinai, and by His secret grace fights for the people against Amalek. However, you are false even in this assertion, for 'He made us, and not we ourselves.' He it is who through His Word made all things small and great, and we may not divide the creation, and says this is the Father's, and this the Son's, but they are of one God, who uses His proper Word as a Hand, and in Him does all things. This God Himself shows us, when He says, 'All these things has My Hand made Isaiah 66:2;' while Paul taught us as he had learned, that 'There is one God, from whom all things; and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things 1 Corinthians 8:6.' Thus He, always as now, speaks to the sun and it rises, and commands the clouds and it rains upon one place; and where it does not rain, it is dried up. And He bids the earth yield her fruits, and fashions Jeremias Jeremiah 1:5 in the womb. But if He now does all this, assuredly at the beginning also He did not disdain to make all things Himself through the Word; for these are but parts of the whole.

But let us suppose that the other creatures could not endure being made by the direct hand of the Unoriginate, and therefore the Son alone was brought into being by the Father alone, while other things were made by the Son as an assistant and subordinate worker. This is what Asterius the sacrificer has written, and Arius has copied and passed down to his own followers, and from that time they use this formula, broken reed that it is, being ignorant—these confused men—of how fragile it is. For if it was impossible for originated things to bear the hand of God, and you consider the Son to be one of their number, how was He also able to endure this formation by God alone? And if a Mediator became necessary so that originated things might come to be, and you consider the Son to be originated, then there must have been some intermediary before Him for His creation. And that Mediator himself, being a creature, would also need another Mediator for his own creation. And even if we were to propose another, we must first propose his Mediator, so that we will never reach an end. And thus, with a Mediator always being required, the creation will never be completed, because nothing originated, as you say, can bear the direct hand of the Unoriginate. And if, when you perceive the absurdity of this, you begin to say that the Son, though a creature, was made capable of being made by the Unoriginate, then it follows that other things also, though originated, are capable of being made directly by the Unoriginate, for the Son too is only a creature in your judgment, just like all of them. And accordingly the origination of the Word is unnecessary, according to your irreligious and foolish idea, since God is sufficient for the direct formation of all things, and all originated things are capable of sustaining His direct hand.

8. But let us suppose that the other creatures could not endure to be wrought by the absolute Hand of the Unoriginate and therefore the Son alone was brought into being by the Father alone, and other things by the Son as an underworker and assistant, for this is what Asterius the sacrificer has written, and Arius has transcribed and bequeathed to his own friends, and from that time they use this form of words, broken reed as it is, being ignorant, the bewildered men, how brittle it is. For if it was impossible for things originate to bear the hand of God, and you hold the Son to be one of their number, how was He too equal to this formation by God alone? And if a Mediator became necessary that things originate might come to be, and you hold the Son to be originated, then must there have been some medium before Him, for His creation; and that Mediator himself again being a creature, it follows that he too needed another Mediator for his own constitution. And though we were to devise another, we must first devise his Mediator, so that we shall never come to an end. And thus a Mediator being ever in request, never will the creation be constituted, because nothing originate, as you say, can bear the absolute hand of the Unoriginate. And if, on your perceiving the extravagance of this, you begin to say that the Son, though a creature, was made capable of being made by the Unoriginate, then it follows that other things also, though originated, are capable of being wrought immediately by the Unoriginate; for the Son too is but a creature in your judgment, as all of them. And accordingly the origination of the Word is superfluous, according to your irreligious and futile imagination, God being sufficient for the immediate formation of all things, and all things originate being capable of sustaining His absolute hand.

These irreligious men have so little sense in their madness that we should examine whether this particular sophism is not even more irrational than the others. Adam was created alone by God alone through the Word; yet no one would say that Adam had any special privilege over other people, or was different from those who came after him, even though he alone was made and fashioned by God alone, and we all descend from Adam and exist according to the succession of the human race, since he was fashioned from the earth as others were, and at first did not exist, but afterward came to be.

These irreligious men then having so little mind amid their madness, let us see whether this particular sophism be not even more irrational than the others. Adam was created alone by God alone through the Word; yet no one would say that Adam had any prerogative over other men, or was different from those who came after him, granting that he alone was made and fashioned by God alone, and we all spring from Adam, and consist according to succession of the race, so long as he was fashioned from the earth as others, and at first not being, afterwards came to be.

Even if we were to grant Adam some special privilege because he was considered worthy of God's direct handiwork, that privilege would be one of honor, not of nature. For he came from the earth just like other people, and the hand that formed Adam back then is also the same hand that both now and always forms and gives complete existence to those who come after him. God Himself declares this to Jeremiah, as I mentioned before: "Before I formed you in the womb, I knew you." And He says of all people: "All these things My hand has made." Again through Isaiah: "Thus says the Lord, your redeemer, and He that formed you from the womb, I am the Lord that makes all things; that stretches forth the heavens alone; that spreads abroad the earth by Myself." David, knowing this, says in the Psalm: "Your hands have made me and fashioned me." And the one who says in Isaiah, "Thus says the Lord who formed me from the womb to be His servant," signifies the same thing. Therefore, regarding his nature, Adam differs in no way from us even though he came before us in time, since we all have our existence and are created by the same hand. If then these are your thoughts about the Son of God too, Arians—that He exists and came to be in this same way—then in your judgment He will differ in no way regarding His nature from others, since He too was not, and then came to be, and the name was united to Him by grace at His creation because of His virtue. For according to what you say, He Himself is one of those about whom the Spirit says in the Psalms: "He spoke the word, and they were made; He commanded, and they were created." If that is so, who was it through whom God gave the command for the Son's creation? For there must be a Word through whom God gave command and in whom the works are created. But you have no one else to show except the Word you deny—unless of course you plan to invent some new idea again.

9. But though we were to allow some prerogative to the Protoplast as having been deemed worthy of the hand of God, still it must be one of honour not of nature. For he came of the earth, as other men; and the hand which then fashioned Adam, is also both now and ever fashioning and giving entire consistence to those who come after him. And God Himself declares this to Jeremiah, as I said before; 'Before I formed you in the womb, I knew you Jeremiah 1:5;' and so He says of all, 'All those things has My hand made Isaiah 66:2;' and again by Isaiah, 'Thus says the Lord, your redeemer, and He that formed you from the womb, I am the Lord that makes all things; that stretches forth the heavens alone; that spreads abroad the earth by Myself.' And David, knowing this, says in the Psalm, 'Your hands have made me and fashioned me;' and he who says in Isaiah, 'Thus says the Lord who formed me from the womb to be His servant Isaiah 49:5,' signifies the same. Therefore, in respect of nature, he differs nothing from us though he precede us in time, so long as we all consist and are created by the same hand. If then these be your thoughts, O Arians, about the Son of God too, that thus He subsists and came to be, then in your judgment He will differ nothing on the score of nature from others, so long as He too was not, and came to be, and the name was by grace united to Him in His creation for His virtue's sake. For He Himself is one of those, from what you say, of whom the Spirit says in the Psalms, 'He spoke the word, and they were made; He commanded, and they were created.' If so, who was it by whom God gave command for the Son's creation? For a Word there must be by whom God gave command, and in whom the works are created; but you have no other to show than the Word you deny, unless indeed you should devise again some new notion.

Yes, they will say, we have another argument (which I heard before from Eusebius and his associates): we believe that the Son of God has a special status above others and is called Only-begotten because He alone partakes of the Father, while all other things partake of the Son. So they exhaust themselves changing and varying their language like changing colors. However, this will not save them from being exposed as people who are earthly, speaking empty words, and wallowing in their own ideas as if in mud.

Yes, they will say, we have another; (which indeed I formerly heard Eusebius and his fellows use), on this score do we consider that the Son of God has a prerogative over others, and is called Only-begotten, because He alone partakes the Father, and all other things partake the Son. Thus they weary themselves in changing and in varying their phrases like colors; however, this shall not save them from an exposure, as men that are of the earth, speaking vainly, and wallowing in their own conceits as in mire.

If He were called God's Son and we were called the Son's sons, their made-up story might seem believable. But if we too are said to be sons of the same God of whom He is Son, then we too partake the Father, who says, "I have begotten and exalted children" (Isaiah 1:2). For if we did not partake Him, He would not have said "I have begotten." But if He Himself begot us, He and no other is our Father. And as I said before, it makes no difference whether the Son has something more and was made first, while we have something less and were made later, as long as we all partake and are called sons of the same Father. For "more or less" does not indicate a different nature, but relates to each person according to their practice of virtue—one is placed over ten cities, another over five, some sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel, others hear the words "Come, you blessed of My Father" and "Well done, good and faithful servant." With such ideas, it's no wonder they imagine that God was not always Father of such a Son, and that such a Son did not always exist but was generated from nothing as a creature and did not exist before His generation—for such a one is different from the True Son of God.

10. For if He were called God's Son, and we the Son's sons, their fiction were plausible; but if we too are said to be sons of that God, of whom He is Son, then we too partake the Father, who says, 'I have begotten and exalted children Isaiah 1:2.' For if we did not partake Him, He had not said, 'I have begotten;' but if He Himself begot us, no other than He is our Father. And, as before, it matters not, whether the Son has something more and was made first, but we something less, and were made afterwards, as long as we all partake, and are called sons, of the same Father. For the more or less does not indicate a different nature; but attaches to each according to the practice of virtue; and one is placed over ten cities, another over five; and some sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel; and others hear the words, 'Come, you blessed of My Father,' and, 'Well done, good and faithful servant.' With such ideas, however, no wonder they imagine that of such a Son God was not always Father, and such a Son was not always in being, but was generated from nothing as a creature, and was not before His generation; for such an one is other than the True Son of God.

But to continue with such teaching is incompatible with true faith, for it is more characteristic of the thinking of the Sadducees and the Samosatene. It remains, then, to say that the Son of God is called such in the other sense, in the way that Isaac was the son of Abraham. For what is naturally begotten from someone and does not come to him from outside, that is truly a son by nature, and this is what the term means. Is the Son's generation, then, a matter of human affection? (For this is likely what they, like their predecessors, will object in their ignorance.) Not at all. For God is not like man, nor are men like God. Men were created from matter, and that matter is capable of being affected. But God is immaterial and incorporeal. Even if the same terms are used of both God and man in divine Scripture, those with clear sight, as Paul instructs, will study it carefully and thereby make distinctions, and understand what is written according to the physis of each subject, and avoid any confusion of meaning. In this way they will neither conceive of the things of God in a human way, nor attribute the things of man to God. For this would be to mix wine with water, and to place upon the altar strange fire alongside that which is divine.

But to persist in such teaching does not consist with piety, for it is rather the tone of thought of Sadducees and the Samosatene; it remains then to say that the Son of God is so called according to the other sense, in which Isaac was son of Abraham; for what is naturally begotten from any one and does not accrue to him from without, that in the nature of things is a son, and that is what the name implies. Is then the Son's generation one of human affection? (for this perhaps, as their predecessors, they too will be ready to object in their ignorance;)– in no wise; for God is not as man, nor men as God. Men were created of matter, and that passible; but God is immaterial and incorporeal. And if so be the same terms are used of God and man in divine Scripture, yet the clear-sighted, as Paul enjoins, will study it, and thereby discriminate, and dispose of what is written according to the nature of each subject, and avoid any confusion of sense, so as neither to conceive of the things of God in a human way, nor to ascribe the things of man to God. For this were to mix wine with water, and to place upon the altar strange fire with that which is divine.

For God creates, and creating is also attributed to humans. God has being, and humans are said to exist, having received this gift from God. But does God create as humans do? Or is His being like human being? Absolutely not. We understand these terms in one sense when applied to God, and in another when applied to humans. For God creates by calling into being what does not exist, needing nothing to do so. But humans work with existing material, first praying and then receiving the skill to make things from God who has fashioned all things by His own Word. And again, humans, being incapable of existing on their own, are contained in place and exist by the Word of God. But God is self-existent, containing all things and contained by nothing. He is within all things according to His own goodness and power, yet outside all things in His own nature. Just as humans do not create as God creates, and their being is not like God's being, so human generation happens in one way, and the Son comes from the Father in another way. For human offspring are portions of their fathers, since the very nature of bodies is not simple but in flux and composed of parts. Men lose substance when they beget, and they gain substance again from food. For this reason, men in their time become fathers of many children. But God, being without parts, is Father of the Son without division or passion. For there is no flowing out of what is immaterial, nor flowing in from outside, as happens with humans. And being simple in nature, He is Father of the Only Son. This is why He is Only-begotten, and alone in the Father's bosom, and alone is acknowledged by the Father to be from Him, saying, "This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased" (Matthew 3:17). And He is also the Father's Word, from which we can understand the impassible (free from passion) and impartitive (undivided) nature of the Father. Not even a human word is begotten with passion or division, much less the Word of God. Therefore He also sits, as Word, at the Father's right hand, for where the Father is, there also is His Word. But we, as His works, stand in judgment before Him. And while He is worshiped because He is Son of the adorable Father, we worship, confessing Him Lord and God, because we are creatures and different from Him.

11. For God creates, and to create is also ascribed to men; and God has being, and men are said to be, having received from God this gift also. Yet does God create as men do? Or is His being as man's being? Perish the thought; we understand the terms in one sense of God, and in another of men. For God creates, in that He calls what is not into being, needing nothing thereunto; but men work some existing material, first praying, and so gaining the wit to make, from that God who has framed all things by His proper Word. And again men, being incapable of self- existence, are enclosed in place, and consist in the Word of God; but God is self-existent, enclosing all things, and enclosed by none; within all according to His own goodness and power, yet without all in His proper nature. As then men create not as God creates, as their being is not such as God's being, so men's generation is in one way, and the Son is from the Father in another. For the offspring of men are portions of their fathers, since the very nature of bodies is not uncompounded, but in a state of flux, and composed of parts; and men lose their substance in begetting, and again they gain substance from the accession of food. And on this account men in their time become fathers of many children; but God, being without parts, is Father of the Son without partition or passion; for there is neither effluence of the Immaterial, nor influx from without, as among men; and being uncompounded in nature, He is Father of One Only Son. This is why He is Only-begotten, and alone in the Father's bosom, and alone is acknowledged by the Father to be from Him, saying, 'This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased Matthew 3:17.' And He too is the Father's Word, from which may be understood the impassible and impartitive nature of the Father, in that not even a human word is begotten with passion or partition, much less the Word of God. Wherefore also He sits, as Word, at the Father's right hand; for where the Father is, there also is His Word; but we, as His works, stand in judgment before Him; and, while He is adored, because He is Son of the adorable Father, we adore, confessing Him Lord and God, because we are creatures and other than He.

Given the situation, anyone who wishes may consider this matter so they might be put to shame by the following question: Is it right to say that what is God's offspring and belongs properly to Him came from nothing? Or is it reasonable in the very concept that a person should dare to say that the Son did not always exist, when what comes from God has come to Him? For in this respect too, the generation of the Son surpasses and goes beyond human thoughts: we become fathers of our own children in time, since we ourselves first did not exist and then came into being. But God, because He always exists, is always Father of the Son. We understand human origin from things that are similar to our experience. But since "no one knows the Son but the Father, and no one knows the Father but the Son, and he to whomever the Son will reveal Him," the sacred writers to whom the Son has revealed Him have given us a certain image from visible things, saying, "Who is the brightness of His glory, and the Expression of His Person," and again, "For with You is the well of life, and in Your light shall we see light." And when the Word rebukes Israel, He says, "You have forsaken the Fountain of wisdom," and this Fountain is the one who says, "They have forsaken Me the Fountain of living waters." This illustration is indeed poor and very dim compared to what we are seeking to understand, but it is still possible from it to grasp something above human nature, instead of thinking the Son's generation is on the same level as ours. For who can even imagine that the radiance of light ever did not exist, so that he would dare to say that the Son did not always exist, or that the Son did not exist before His generation? Or who is able to separate the radiance from the sun, or to conceive of the fountain as ever without life, that he should madly say, "The Son is from nothing," when He says, "I am the life," or that He is "alien to the Father's essence," when He says, "He that has seen Me, has seen the Father"? The sacred writers, wanting us to understand in this way, have given these illustrations. It is improper and most irreligious, when Scripture contains such images, to form ideas about our Lord from other sources which are neither in Scripture nor have any religious value.

12. The case being thus, let who will among them consider the matter, so that one may abash them by the following question; Is it right to say that what is God's offspring and proper to Him is out of nothing? Or is it reasonable in the very idea, that what is from God has accrued to Him, that a man should dare to say that the Son is not always? For in this again the generation of the Son exceeds and transcends the thoughts of man, that we become fathers of our own children in time, since we ourselves first were not and then came into being; but God, in that He ever is, is ever Father of the Son. And the origination of mankind is brought home to us from things that are parallel; but, since 'no one knows the Son but the Father, and no one knows the Father but the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal Him Matthew 11:27,' therefore the sacred writers to whom the Son has revealed Him, have given us a certain image from things visible, saying, 'Who is the brightness of His glory, and the Expression of His Person Hebrews 1:3;' and again, 'For with You is the well of life, and in Your light shall we see light;' and when the Word chides Israel, He says, 'You have forsaken the Fountain of wisdom Baruch 3:12;' and this Fountain it is which says, 'They have forsaken Me the Fountain of living waters.' And mean indeed and very dim is the illustration compared with what we desiderate; but yet it is possible from it to understand something above man's nature, instead of thinking the Son's generation to be on a level with ours. For who can even imagine that the radiance of light ever was not, so that he should dare to say that the Son was not always, or that the Son was not before His generation? Or who is capable of separating the radiance from the sun, or to conceive of the fountain as ever void of life, that he should madly say, 'The Son is from nothing,' who says, 'I am the life John 14:6,' or 'alien to the Father's essence,' who, says, 'He that has seen Me, has seen the Father?' for the sacred writers wishing us thus to understand, have given these illustrations; and it is unseemly and most irreligious, when Scripture contains such images, to form ideas concerning our Lord from others which are neither in Scripture, nor have any religious bearing.

Therefore let them tell us from what teacher or by what tradition they derived these ideas about the Savior. "We have read," they will say, "in the Proverbs, 'The Lord created me a beginning of His ways unto His works.'" Eusebius and his associates used to insist on this, and you write to tell me that the present men also, though overthrown and refuted by an abundance of arguments, still circulate this passage everywhere and say that the Son was one of the creatures, counting Him among things that had an origin. But they seem to me to misunderstand this passage as well, for it has a reverent and very orthodox sense, which had they understood it, they would not have blasphemed the Lord of glory. For by comparing what has been stated above with this passage, they will find a great difference between them. What person of sound understanding does not perceive that things created and made are external to the maker, but the Son, as the preceding argument has shown, exists not externally but from the Father who begot Him? For man too both builds a house and begets a son, and no one would reverse things and say that the house or the ship were begotten by the builder, but the son was created and made by him; nor again that the house was an image of the maker, but the son unlike him who begot him. Rather he will confess that the son is an image of the father, but the house a work of art, unless his mind is disordered and he is beside himself. Plainly, divine Scripture, which knows better than anyone the nature of everything, says through Moses concerning the creatures, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth," but concerning the Son it introduces not another, but the Father Himself saying, "I have begotten You from the womb before the morning star," and again, "You are My Son, this day have I begotten You." And the Lord says of Himself in the Proverbs, "Before all the hills He begets me," and concerning things originated and created John speaks, "All things were made by Him," but preaching of the Lord, he says, "The Only-begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, He declared Him." If then Son, therefore not creature; if creature, not Son. For great is the difference between them, and Son and creature cannot be the same, unless His essence be considered to be at once from God and external to God.

13. Therefore let them tell us, from what teacher or by what tradition they derived these notions concerning the Saviour? We have read, they will say, in the Proverbs, 'The Lord created me a beginning of His ways unto His works;' this Eusebius and his fellows used to insist on, and you write me word, that the present men also, though overthrown and confuted by an abundance of arguments, still were putting about in every quarter this passage, and saying that the Son was one of the creatures, and reckoning Him with things originated. But they seem to me to have a wrong understanding of this passage also; for it has a religious and very orthodox sense, which had they understood, they would not have blasphemed the Lord of glory. For on comparing what has been above stated with this passage, they will find a great difference between them. For what man of right understanding does not perceive, that what are created and made are external to the maker; but the Son, as the foregoing argument has shown, exists not externally, but from the Father who begot Him? For man too both builds a house and begets a son, and no one would reverse things, and say that the house or the ship were begotten by the builder, but the son was created and made by him; nor again that the house was an image of the maker, but the son unlike him who begot him; but rather he will confess that the son is an image of the father, but the house a work of art, unless his mind be disordered, and he beside himself. Plainly, divine Scripture, which knows better than any the nature of everything, says through Moses, of the creatures, 'In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth Genesis 1:1;' but of the Son it introduces not another, but the Father Himself saying, 'I have begotten You from the womb before the morning star;' and again, 'You are My Son, this day have I begotten You.' And the Lord says of Himself in the Proverbs, 'Before all the hills He begets me Proverbs 8:25;' and concerning things originated and created John speaks, 'All things were made by Him John 1:3;' but preaching of the Lord, he says, 'The Only-begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, He declared Him.' If then son, therefore not creature; if creature, not son; for great is the difference between them, and son and creature cannot be the same, unless His essence be considered to be at once from God, and external to God.

Has this passage no meaning then? They keep buzzing this question around us like a swarm of gnats. It certainly has meaning, and a very fitting one. It is true to say that the Son was created too, but this happened when he became man, for creation belongs to man. Anyone can find this meaning clearly given in the divine Scriptures if, instead of treating their study as secondary, they investigate the time, the persons involved, and the purpose, and thus carefully study and ponder what they read. Regarding the time spoken of, they will certainly find that while the Lord always exists, eventually in the fullness of time he became man. And while he is Son of God, he also became Son of man. Regarding the purpose, they will understand that, wanting to cancel our death, he took a body from the Virgin Mary so that by offering it to the Father as a sacrifice for all, he might deliver all of us who through fear of death were subject to bondage all our lives. Regarding the person, it is indeed the Savior, but these words are said of him when he took a body and said, "The Lord created me a beginning of his ways for his works." For just as it properly belongs to God's Son to be everlasting and in the Father's bosom, so when he became man, the words "The Lord created me" were appropriate for him. These words are said of him just as it is said that he hungered, thirsted, asked where Lazarus lay, suffered, and rose again. And just as when we hear of him as Lord and God and true Light, we understand him as being from the Father, so when we hear "The Lord created," and "Servant," and "He suffered," we should rightly attribute this not to the Godhead (for that would be inappropriate), but we must interpret it by reference to the flesh which he bore for our sake. These things properly belong to that flesh, and this flesh belonged to none other than the Word. And if we want to know the purpose achieved by this, we will find it to be as follows: the Word was made flesh in order to offer up this body for all, and so that we, by partaking of his Spirit, might be deified—a gift we could not otherwise have received except by his clothing himself in our created body. From this we get our title as people of God and people in Christ. But just as we, by receiving the Spirit, do not lose our own proper substance, so the Lord, when made man for us and bearing a body, was no less God. He was not diminished by being wrapped in the body; rather, he deified it and made it immortal.

14. 'Has then the passage no meaning?' for this, like a swarm of gnats, they are droning about us. No surely, it is not without meaning, but has a very apposite one; for it is true to say that the Son was created too, but this took place when He became man; for creation belongs to man. And any one may find this sense duly given in the divine oracles, who, instead of accounting their study a secondary matter, investigates the time and characters, and the object, and thus studies and ponders what he reads. Now as to the season spoken of, he will find for certain that, whereas the Lord always is, at length in fullness of the ages He became man; and whereas He is Son of God, He became Son of man also. And as to the object he will understand, that, wishing to annul our death, He took on Himself a body from the Virgin Mary; that by offering this unto the Father a sacrifice for all, He might deliver us all, who by fear of death were all our life through subject to bondage. Hebrews 2:15 And as to the character, it is indeed the Saviour's, but is said of Him when He took a body and said, 'The Lord created me a beginning of His ways unto His works Proverbs 8:22.' For as it properly belongs to God's Son to be everlasting. and in the Father's bosom, so on His becoming man, the words befitted Him, 'The Lord created me.' For then it is said of Him, as also that He hungered, and thirsted, and asked where Lazarus lay, and suffered, and rose again. And as, when we hear of Him as Lord and God and true Light, we understand Him as being from the Father, so on hearing, 'The Lord created,' and 'Servant,' and 'He suffered,' we shall justly ascribe this, not to the Godhead, for it is irrelevant, but we must interpret it by that flesh which He bore for our sakes: for to it these things are proper, and this flesh was none other's than the Word's. And if we wish to know the object attained by this, we shall find it to be as follows: that the Word was made flesh in order to offer up this body for all, and that we partaking of His Spirit, might be deified, a gift which we could not otherwise have gained than by His clothing Himself in our created body, for hence we derive our name of men of God and men in Christ. But as we, by receiving the Spirit, do not lose our own proper substance, so the Lord, when made man for us, and bearing a body, was no less God; for He was not lessened by the envelopment of the body, but rather deified it and rendered it immortal.

This then is quite enough to expose the infamy of the Arian heresy, for as the Lord has granted, out of their own words irreligion is brought home to them. But come now and let us for our part go on the offensive and call on them for an answer. Now is a fair time, when their own ground has failed them, to question them on ours—perhaps it may shame the perverse and disclose to them from where they have fallen. We have learned from divine Scripture that the Son of God, as was said above, is the very Word and Wisdom of the Father. For the Apostle says, "Christ the power of God and the Wisdom of God" (1 Corinthians 1:24), and John, after saying "And the Word was made flesh," at once adds "And we saw His glory, the glory as of the Only-begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth" (John 1:14), so that the Word being the Only-begotten Son, in this Word and in Wisdom heaven and earth and all that is in them were made. And we have learned from Baruch that God is the Fountain of this Wisdom, by Israel's being charged with having forsaken the Fountain of Wisdom. If then they deny Scripture, they are at once aliens to their name and may fitly be called by all men atheists and enemies of Christ, for they have brought these names upon themselves. But if they agree with us that the sayings of Scripture are divinely inspired, let them dare to say openly what they think in secret—that God was once wordless and wisdomless. And let them in their madness say "There was once when He was not" and "Before His generation, Christ was not," and again let them declare that the Fountain begot not Wisdom from itself but acquired it from without, until they have the daring to say "The Son came of nothing." From this it will follow that there is no longer a Fountain, but a sort of pool, as if receiving water from without and usurping the name of Fountain.

15. This then is quite enough to expose the infamy of the Arian heresy; for, as the Lord has granted, out of their own words is irreligion brought home to them. But come now and let us on our part act on the offensive, and call on them for an answer; for now is fair time, when their own ground has failed them, to question them on ours; perhaps it may abash the perverse, and disclose to them whence they have fallen. We have learned from divine Scripture, that the Son of God, as was said above, is the very Word and Wisdom of the Father. For the Apostle says, 'Christ the power of God and the Wisdom of God 1 Corinthians 1:24;' and John after saying, 'And the Word was made flesh,' at once adds, 'And we saw His glory, the glory as of the Only-begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth John 1:14,' so that, the Word being the Only-begotten Son, in this Word and in Wisdom heaven and earth and all that is therein were made. And of this Wisdom that God is Fountain we have learned from Baruch, by Israel's being charged with having forsaken the Fountain of Wisdom. If then they deny Scripture, they are at once aliens to their name, and may fitly be called of all men atheists, and Christ's enemies, for they have brought upon themselves these names. But if they agree with us that the sayings of Scripture are divinely inspired, let them dare to say openly what they think in secret that God was once wordless and wisdomless; and let them in their madness say, 'There was once when He was not,' and, 'before His generation, Christ was not;' and again let them declare that the Fountain begot not Wisdom from itself, but acquired it from without, till they have the daring to say, 'The Son came of nothing;' whence it will follow that there is no longer a Fountain, but a sort of pool, as if receiving water from without, and usurping the name of Fountain.

I think anyone with even a little understanding can see how full of false teaching this is. But since they keep muttering that Word and Wisdom are just names of the Son, we must ask them: If these are only names of the Son, He must be something else besides them. And if He is higher than the names, it is not right to use lesser terms to refer to the higher; but if He is less than the names, then He surely must have within Him the basis for this more honorable title, which implies His advancement—a false teaching just as bad as anything that came before. For the One who is in the Father, and in whom the Father also is, who says "I and the Father are one," whom whoever has seen has seen the Father—to say that He has been elevated by anything external is the height of madness. However, when they are defeated on this point and, like Eusebius and his followers, are in desperate straits, they have one remaining argument left. Arius also invented this in his songs and in his own Thalia as a new difficulty: "God speaks many words; which one of these should we call Son and Word, the Only-begotten of the Father?" Foolish people, anything but Christians! For first, by using such language about God, they imagine Him almost as a human being, speaking and reversing His first words by His second words, as if one Word from God were not enough for creating all things according to the Father's will and for His providential care of all. For His speaking many words would suggest a weakness in all of them, each needing the help of the other. But the fact that God has one Word, which is the true teaching, demonstrates both the power of God and the perfection of the Word who comes from Him, and the faithful understanding of those who believe this way.

16. How full of irreligion this is, I consider none can doubt who has ever so little understanding. But since they mutter something about Word and Wisdom being only names of the Son, we must ask then, If these are only names of the Son, He must be something else beside them. And if He is higher than the names, it is not lawful from the lesser to denote the higher; but if He be less than the names, yet He surely must have in Him the principle of this more honourable appellation; and this implies his advance, which is an irreligion equal to anything that has gone before. For He who is in the Father, and in whom also the Father is, who says, 'I and the Father are one John 10:30,' whom he that has seen, has seen the Father, to say that He has been exalted by anything external, is the extreme of madness. However, when they are beaten hence, and like Eusebius and his fellows, are in these great straits, then they have this remaining plea, which Arius too in ballads, and in his own Thalia, fabled, as a new difficulty: 'Many words speaks God; which then of these are we to call Son and Word, Only-begotten of the Father?' Insensate, and anything but Christians! For first, on using such language about God, they conceive of Him almost as a man, speaking and reversing His first words by His second, just as if one Word from God were not sufficient for the framing of all things at the Father's will, and for His providential care of all. For His speaking many words would argue a feebleness in them all, each needing the service of the other. But that God should have one Word, which is the true doctrine, both shows the power of God, and the perfection of the Word that is from Him, and the religious understanding of them who thus believe.

If only they would agree to acknowledge the truth from their own statement! For if they admit that God produces words, they clearly recognize Him as a Father. And having acknowledged this, let them consider that when they refuse to attribute one Word to God, they are imagining that He is Father of many. And when they refuse to say that there is no Word of God at all, yet they do not confess that He is the Son of God—which shows ignorance of the truth and unfamiliarity with divine Scripture. For if God is Father of a word at all, why is the one who is begotten not a Son? And again, who should be Son of God except His Word? For there are not many words, or each would be imperfect, but the Word is one, so that He alone may be perfect, and because God is one, His Image too must be one, which is the Son. For the Son of God, as can be learned from the divine oracles themselves, is Himself the Word of God, and the Wisdom, and the Image, and the Hand, and the Power. For God's offspring is one, and these titles are signs of the generation from the Father. For if you say the Son, you have declared what is from the Father by nature. And if you think of the Word, you are thinking again of what is from Him and what is inseparable. And speaking of Wisdom, again you mean exactly the same thing—what is not from outside, but from Him and in Him. And if you name the Power and the Hand, again you speak of what is proper to essence. And speaking of the Image, you signify the Son, for what else is like God but the offspring from Him? Certainly the things that came to be through the Word are founded in Wisdom, and what are founded in Wisdom are all made by the Hand and came to be through the Son. And we have proof of this, not from external sources, but from the Scriptures. For God Himself says through Isaiah the Prophet, "My hand also has laid the foundation of the earth, and My right hand has spanned the heavens." And again, "And I will cover you in the shadow of My Hand, by which I planted the heavens and laid the foundations of the earth." And David, being taught this and knowing that the Lord's Hand was nothing other than Wisdom, says in the Psalm, "In wisdom have You made them all; the earth is full of Your creation." Solomon also received the same from God and said, "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth." And John, knowing that the Word was the Hand and the Wisdom, preached this: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God; the same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made." And the Apostle, seeing that the Hand and the Wisdom and the Word was nothing other than the Son, says, "God, who at various times and in various ways spoke in time past to the Fathers by the Prophets, has in these last days spoken to us by His Son, whom He has appointed Heir of all things, by whom also He made the ages." And again, "There is one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through Him." And knowing also that the Word, the Wisdom, the Son Himself was the Image of the Father, he says in the Epistle to the Colossians, "Giving thanks to God and the Father, who has made us fit to be partakers of the inheritance of the Saints in light, who has delivered us from the power of darkness and has transferred us into the kingdom of His dear Son, in whom we have redemption, even the forgiveness of sins; who is the Image of the Invisible God, the Firstborn of every creature. For by Him were all things created that are in heaven and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. All things were created by Him and for Him, and He is before all things, and in Him all things consist." For just as all things are created by the Word, so, because He is the Image, they are also created in Him. And in this way anyone who directs his thoughts to the Lord will avoid stumbling upon the stone of offense, but will instead move forward to the brightness in the light of truth. For this is truly the doctrine of truth, though these contentious men burst with spite, being neither reverent toward God nor ashamed at their refutation.

17. O that they would consent to confess the truth from this their own statement! For if they once grant that God produces words, they plainly know Him to be a Father; and acknowledging this, let them consider that, while they are loth to ascribe one Word to God, they are imagining that He is Father of many; and while they are loth to say that there is no Word of God at all, yet they do not confess that He is the Son of God — which is ignorance of the truth, and inexperience in divine Scripture. For if God is Father of a word at all, wherefore is not He that is begotten a Son? And again, who should be Son of God, but His Word? For there are not many words, or each would be imperfect, but one is the Word, that He only may be perfect, and because, God being one, His Image too must be one, which is the Son. For the Son of God, as may be learned from the divine oracles themselves, is Himself the Word of God, and the Wisdom, and the Image, and the Hand, and the Power; for God's offspring is one, and of the generation from the Father these titles are tokens. For if you say the Son, you have declared what is from the Father by nature; and if you think of the Word, you are thinking again of what is from Him, and what is inseparable; and, speaking of Wisdom, again you mean just as much, what is not from without, but from Him and in Him; and if you name the Power and the Hand, again you speak of what is proper to essence; and, speaking of the Image, you signify the Son; for what else is like God but the offspring from Him? Doubtless the things, which came to be through the Word, these are 'founded in Wisdom' and what are 'founded in Wisdom,' these are all made by the Hand, and came to be through the Son. And we have proof of this, not from external sources, but from the Scriptures; for God Himself says by Isaiah the Prophet; 'My hand also has laid the foundation of the earth, and My right hand has spanned the heavens Isaiah 48:13.' And again, 'And I will cover you in the shadow of My Hand, by which I planted the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth Isaiah 51:16.' And David being taught this, and knowing that the Lord's Hand was nothing else than Wisdom, says in the Psalm, 'In wisdom have You made them all; the earth is full of Your creation.' Solomon also received the same from God, and said, 'The Lord by wisdom founded the earth Proverbs 3:19,' and John, knowing that the Word was the Hand and the Wisdom, thus preached, 'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God; the same was in the beginning with God: all things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made John 1:1-3.' And the Apostle, seeing that the Hand and the Wisdom and the Word was nothing else than the Son, says, ' God, who at sundry times and in various manners spoke in time past unto the Fathers by the Prophets, has in these last days spoken unto us by His Son, whom He has appointed Heir of all things, by whom also He made the ages Hebrews 1:1-2.' And again, 'There is one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through Him 1 Corinthians 8:6.' And knowing also that the Word, the Wisdom, the Son Himself was the Image of the Father, he says in the Epistle to the Colossians, 'Giving thanks to God and the Father, which has made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the Saints in light, who has delivered us from the power of darkness, and has translated us into the kingdom of His dear Son; in whom we have redemption, even the remission of sins; who is the Image of the Invisible God, the First-born of every creature; for by Him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions or principalities or powers; all things were created by Him and for Him; and He is before all things, and in Him all things consist.' For as all things are created by the Word, so, because He is the Image, are they also created in Him. And thus anyone who directs his thoughts to the Lord, will avoid stumbling upon the stone of offense, but rather will go forward to the brightness in the light of truth; for this is really the doctrine of truth, though these contentious men burst with spite, neither religious toward God, nor abashed at their confutation.

Now Eusebius and his followers were thoroughly examined during that earlier period and, as I said before, convicted themselves. After this, they signed the confession, and following this change of position they remained quiet and withdrew. But since the current group, in their renewed arrogance of irreligion and their confusion about the truth, are determined to accuse the Council, let them tell us from what Scriptures they have learned, or which saint has taught them, to pile up the phrases "out of nothing," "He was not before His generation," "once He was not," "alterable," "pre-existence," and "at the will"—which are their fabrications mocking the Lord. For the blessed Paul in his Epistle to the Hebrews says, "By faith we understand that the ages were framed by the Word of God, so that that which is seen was not made of things which do appear." But nothing is shared between the Word and the ages, for He is the one who exists before the ages, through whom the ages themselves came to be. And in the Shepherd it is written (since they also cite this book, though it is not part of the Canon), "First of all believe, that God is one, who created all things, and arranged them, and brought all things from nothing into being." But this again does not refer to the Son, for it speaks about all things that came to be through Him, from whom He is distinct. For it is impossible to count the Framer of all things among the things made by Him, unless a person is so out of his mind as to say that the architect is the same as the buildings he constructs.

18. Now Eusebius and his fellows were at the former period examined at great length, and convicted themselves, as I said before; on this they subscribed; and after this change of mind they kept in quiet and retirement; but since the present party, in the fresh arrogance of irreligion, and in dizziness about the truth, are full set upon accusing the Council, let them tell us what are the sort of Scriptures from which they have learned, or who is the Saint by whom they have been taught, that they have heaped together the phrases, 'out of nothing,' and 'He was not before His generation,' and 'once He was not,' and 'alterable,' and 'pre- existence,' and 'at the will.' which are their fables in mockery of the Lord. For the blessed Paul in his Epistle to the Hebrews says, 'By faith we understand that the ages were framed by the Word of God, so that that which is seen was not made of things which do appear Hebrews 11:3.' But nothing is common to the Word with the ages; for He it is who is in existence before the ages, by whom also the ages came to be. And in the Shepherd it is written (since they allege this book also, though it is not of the Canon), 'First of all believe, that God is one, who created all things, and arranged them, and brought all things from nothing into being;' but this again does not relate to the Son, for it speaks concerning all things which came to be through Him, from whom He is distinct; for it is not possible to reckon the Framer of all with the things made by Him, unless a man is so beside himself as to say that the architect also is the same as the buildings which he rears.

Why then, when they have invented unscriptural phrases on their part for the purposes of irreligion, do they accuse those who use them religiously? For irreligion is utterly forbidden, even if someone attempts to disguise it with clever expressions and persuasive arguments. But true religion is acknowledged by all to be lawful, even when presented in unfamiliar phrases, as long as they are used with a religious intention and a desire to make them express religious truths. Now the degraded phrases of Christ's enemies mentioned above have been shown in these remarks to be completely full of irreligion, both in the past and now. But the definition of the Council against them, if carefully examined, will be found to be altogether a representation of the truth, especially if careful attention is paid to the occasion that gave rise to these expressions, which was reasonable and was as follows:

Why then, when they have invented on their part unscriptural phrases, for the purposes of irreligion, do they accuse those who are religious in their use of them? For irreligiousness is utterly forbidden, though it be attempted to disguise it with artful expressions and plausible sophisms; but religiousness is confessed by all to be lawful, even though presented in strange phrases, provided only they are used with a religious view, and a wish to make them the expression of religious thoughts. Now the aforesaid grovelling phrases of Christ's enemies have been shown in these remarks to be both formerly and now replete with irreligion; whereas the definition of the Council against them, if accurately examined, will be found to be altogether a representation of the truth, and especially if diligent attention be paid to the occasion which gave rise to these expressions, which was reasonable, and was as follows:–

The Council wanted to eliminate the irreligious phrases of the Ariansand to use instead the accepted words of Scripture, that the Son is not from nothing but 'from God,' and is 'Word' and 'Wisdom,' and not a creature or work, but a true offspring from the Father. However, Eusebius and his associates, driven by their deep-rooted false teaching, understood the phrase 'from God' as applying to us in the same way, as if in this respect the Word of God was no different from us. They argued this because it is written, 'There is one God, from whom all things' (1 Corinthians 8:6), and again, 'Old things have passed away, behold, all things have become new, and all things are from God' (2 Corinthians 5:17). But the Fathers, recognizing their deceit and the cunning of their irreligion, were compelled to express more clearly what 'from God' means. Therefore, they wrote 'from the essence (ousia) of God,' so that 'from God' would not be understood as applying equally and in the same way to both the Son and created things, but rather so that all other things would be recognized as creatures, while the Word alone is from the Father. For although all things are said to be from God, this does not mean the same thing as when we say the Son is from Him. Regarding creatures, 'of God' is said of them because they do not exist randomly or spontaneously, nor come to be by chance according to those philosophers who attribute them to the combination of atoms and elements of similar structure, nor as certain heretics speak of a distinct Creator, nor as others again say that all things were constituted by certain Angels. Rather, it means that (since God exists), all things were brought into being by Him, not existing before, through His Word. But as for the Word, since He is not a creature, He alone is both called and is 'from the Father.' To say that the Son is 'from the essence (ousia) of the Father' signifies this meaning, for this does not apply to anything created. Indeed, when Paul says that 'all things are from God,' he immediately adds, 'and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things' (1 Corinthians 8:6), in order to show everyone that the Son is distinct from all those things which came to be from God (for the things which came to be from God came to be through His Son), and that he had used his earlier words with reference to the world as created by God, not as if all things were from the Father in the same way the Son is. For other things are not like the Son, nor is the Word one among other things, for He is Lord and Creator of all. For this reason the Holy Council declared explicitly that He was of the essence (ousia) of the Father, so that we would believe the Word to be distinct from the nature of created things, being alone truly from God, and so that no loophole would be left for the irreligious. This, then, was the reason why the Council wrote 'of the essence (ousia).'

19. The Council wishing to do away with the irreligious phrases of the Arians, and to use instead the acknowledged words of the Scriptures, that the Son is not from nothing but 'from God,' and is 'Word' and 'Wisdom,' and not creature or work, but a proper offspring from the Father, Eusebius and his fellows, led by their inveterate heterodoxy, understood the phrase 'from God?' as belonging to us, as if in respect to it the Word of God differed nothing from us, and that because it is written, 'There is one God, from whom, all things 1 Corinthians 8:6;' and again, 'Old things are passed away, behold, all things have become new, and all things are from God 2 Corinthians 5:17.' But the Fathers, perceiving their craft and the cunning of their irreligion, were forced to express more distinctly the sense of the words 'from God.' Accordingly, they wrote 'from the essence of God,' in order that 'from God?' might not be considered common and equal in the Son and in things originate, but that all others might be acknowledged as creatures, and the Word alone as from the Father. For though all things be said to be from God, yet this is not in the sense in which the Son is from Him; for as to the creatures, 'of God?' is said of them on this account, in that they exist not at random or spontaneously, nor come to be by chance, according to those philosophers who refer them to the combination of atoms, and to elements of similar structure — nor as certain heretics speak of a distinct Framer — nor as others again say that the constitution of all things is from certain Angels;– but in that (whereas God is), it was by Him that all things were brought into being, not being before, through His Word; but as to the Word, since He is not a creature, He alone is both called and is 'from the Father.' and it is significant of this sense to say that the Son is 'from the essence of the Father,' for to nothing originate does this attach. In truth, when Paul says that 'all things are from God,' he immediately adds, 'and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things 1 Corinthians 8:6,' in order to show all men, that the Son is other than all these things which came to be from God (for the things which came to be from God, came to be through His Son); and that he had used his foregoing words with reference to the world as framed by God, and not as if all things were from the Father as the Son is. For neither are other things as the Son, nor is the Word one among others, for He is Lord and Framer of all; and on this account did the Holy Council declare expressly that He was of the essence of the Father, that we might believe the Word to be other than the nature of things originate, being alone truly from God; and that no subterfuge should be left open to the irreligious. This then was the reason why the Council wrote 'of the essence.'

When the bishops stated that the Word must be described as the true Power and Image of the Father, in all things exact and like the Father, and as unalterable, and as always existing, and as in Him without division (for the Word never was not, but always existed eternally with the Father, as radiance exists with light), Eusebius and his followers reluctantly accepted this, not daring to contradict because they were put to shame by the arguments presented against them. However, they were caught whispering to each other and winking, suggesting that "like," "always," "power," and "in Him" were, as before, common to both us and the Son, and that agreeing to these terms posed no difficulty. Regarding "like," they said it is written of us, "Man is the image and glory of God" (1 Corinthians 11:7). For "always," it is written, "For we which live are always" (2 Corinthians 4:11). For "in Him," "In Him we live and move and have our being" (Acts 17:28). For "unalterable," it is written, "Nothing shall separate us from the love of Christ." As to "power," the caterpillar and locust are called "power" and "great power" (Joel 2:25), and it is often said of the people, for instance, "All the power of the Lord came out of the land of Egypt" (Exodus 12:41). There are also others, heavenly ones, for Scripture says, "The Lord of powers is with us, the God of Jacob is our refuge." Indeed, Asterius, called the sophist, had written the same thing, having learned it from them, and before him Arius had also learned it, as has been said. But the bishops, recognizing their deceit in this as well—and since it is written, "Deceit is in the heart of the irreligious that imagine evil" (Proverbs 12:20)—were again compelled to gather the sense of the Scriptures and to restate and rewrite what they had said before, more clearly still, namely, that the Son is homoousios with the Father. This was meant to signify that the Son was from the Father, and not merely like Him, but the same in likeness, and to show that the Son's likeness and unalterability were different from the kind of copy of the same that is attributed to us, which we acquire from virtue based on observing the commandments. For bodies that are like each other can be separated and become distant from each other, as are human sons in relation to their parents (as it is written concerning Adam and Seth, who was begotten of him, that he was like him after his own pattern, Genesis 5:3). But since the generation of the Son from the Father is not according to the nature of men, and is not only like but also inseparable from the ousia of the Father, and He and the Father are one, as He Himself has said, and the Word is ever in the Father and the Father in the Word, as radiance stands toward light (for the phrase itself indicates this), therefore the Council, understanding this, appropriately wrote homoousios, so that they might both defeat the perverseness of the heretics and show that the Word was other than originated things. For after writing this, they immediately added, "But they who say that the Son of God is from nothing, or created, or alterable, or a work, or from other ousia, these the Holy Catholic Church anathematizes." By saying this, they showed clearly that "of the ousia" and homoousios are destructive of those catchwords of irreligion, such as "created," "work," "originated," "alterable," and "He was not before His generation." Whoever holds these contradicts the Council, but whoever does not hold with Arius must necessarily hold and intend the decisions of the Council, appropriately regarding them to signify the relation of radiance to light, and from this gaining the illustration of the truth.

20. Again, when the Bishops said that the Word must be described as the True Power and Image of the Father, in all things exact and like the Father, and as unalterable, and as always, and as in Him without division (for never was the Word not, but He was always, existing everlastingly with the Father, as the radiance of light), Eusebius and his fellows endured indeed, as not daring to contradict, being put to shame by the arguments which were urged against them; but withal they were caught whispering to each other and winking with their eyes, that 'like,' and 'always,' and 'power,' and 'in Him,' were, as before, common to us and the Son, and that it was no difficulty to agree to these. As to 'like,' they said that it is written of us, 'Man is the image and glory of God 1 Corinthians 11:7:' 'always,' that it was written, 'For we which live are always 2 Corinthians 4:11:' 'in Him,' 'In Him we live and move and have our being Acts 17:28:' 'unalterable,' that it is written, 'Nothing shall separate us from the love of Christ:' as to 'power,' that the caterpillar and the locust are called 'power' and 'great power Joel 2:25,' and that it is often said of the people, for instance, 'All the power of the Lord came out of the land of Egypt Exodus 12:41:' and there are others also, heavenly ones, for Scripture says, 'The Lord of powers is with us, the God of Jacob is our refuge.' Indeed Asterius, by title the sophist, had said the like in writing, having learned it from them, and before him Arius having learned it also, as has been said. But the Bishops discerning in this too their dissimulation, and whereas it is written, 'Deceit is in the heart of the irreligious that imagine evil Proverbs 12:20,' were again compelled on their part to collect the sense of the Scriptures, and to re-say and re-write what they had said before, more distinctly still, namely, that the Son is 'one in essence ' with the Father: by way of signifying, that the Son was from the Father, and not merely like, but the same in likeness, and of showing that the Son's likeness and unalterableness was different from such copy of the same as is ascribed to us, which we acquire from virtue on the ground of observance of the commandments. For bodies which are like each other may be separated and become at distances from each other, as are human sons relatively to their parents (as it is written concerning Adam and Seth, who was begotten of him that he was like him after his own pattern Genesis 5:3); but since the generation of the Son from the Father is not according to the nature of men, and not only like, but also inseparable from the essence of the Father, and He and the Father are one, as He has said Himself, and the Word is ever in the Father and the Father in the Word, as the radiance stands towards the light (for this the phrase itself indicates), therefore the Council, as understanding this, suitably wrote 'one in essence,' that they might both defeat the perverseness of the heretics, and show that the Word was other than originated things. For, after thus writing, they at once added, 'But they who say that the Son of God is from nothing, or created, or alterable, or a work, or from other essence, these the Holy Catholic Church anathematizes.' And by saying this, they showed clearly that 'of the essence,' and 'one in essence,' are destructive of those catchwords of irreligion, such as 'created,' and 'work,' and 'originated,' and 'alterable,' and 'He was not before His generation.' And he who holds these, contradicts the Council; but he who does not hold with Arius, must needs hold and intend the decisions of the Council, suitably regarding them to signify the relation of the radiance to the light, and from thence gaining the illustration of the truth.

Therefore, if they make the excuse—as others do—that these terms are strange, let them consider the meaning in which the Council wrote them. They should condemn what the Council condemned, and then, if they can, criticize the expressions. But I know well that if they accept the Council's meaning, they will fully accept the terms that convey it. However, if what they really want to complain about is the meaning itself, everyone can see that it is pointless for them to argue about the wording when they are merely looking for excuses for irreligion. This, then, was the reason for these expressions. But if they still complain that such terms are not scriptural, that very complaint is itself a reason why they should be rejected as speaking foolishly and having disordered minds. They should blame themselves in this matter, for they set the example by beginning their war against God with words not in Scripture. However, if anyone is interested in the question, let him know that even if the expressions are not found word for word in the Scriptures, yet, as was said before, they contain the sense of the Scriptures. By expressing that sense, they convey it to those whose hearing remains unimpaired for religious doctrine. Now this is something you should consider, and those poorly instructed men should pay attention to. It has been shown above and must be believed as true that the Word is from the Father, and is the only Offspring proper to Him and natural. For from where could one understand the Son to come—He who is the Wisdom and the Word in whom all things came to be—except from God Himself? However, the Scriptures also teach us this, since the Father says through David, "My heart uttered a good Word," and, "From the womb before the morning star I begot You." The Son indicates to the Jews about Himself, "If God were your Father, you would love Me; for I proceeded forth from the Father" (John 8:42). And again, "Not that anyone has seen the Father, except He who is from God—He has seen the Father." Moreover, "I and My Father are one," and "I in the Father and the Father in Me," is equivalent to saying, "I am from the Father and inseparable from Him." And John, in saying, "The Only-begotten Son who is in the bosom of the Father, He has declared Him," spoke of what he had learned from the Savior. Besides, what else does "in the bosom" indicate but the Son's genuine generation from the Father?

21. Therefore if they, as the others, make an excuse that the terms are strange, let them consider the sense in which the Council so wrote, and anathematize what the Council anathematized; and then if they can, let them find fault with the expressions. But I well know that, if they hold the sense of the Council, they will fully accept the terms in which it is conveyed; whereas if it be the sense which they wish to complain of, all must see that it is idle in them to discuss the wording, when they are but seeking handles for irreligion. This then was the reason of these expressions; but if they still complain that such are not scriptural, that very complaint is a reason why they should be cast out, as talking idly and disordered in mind. And let them blame themselves in this matter, for they set the example, beginning their war against God with words not in Scripture. However, if a person is interested in the question, let him know, that, even if the expressions are not in so many words in the Scriptures, yet, as was said before, they contain the sense of the Scriptures, and expressing it, they convey it to those who have their hearing unimpaired for religious doctrine. Now this circumstance it is for you to consider, and for those ill-instructed men to give ear to. It has been shown above, and must be believed as true, that the Word is from the Father, and the only Offspring proper to Him and natural. For whence may one conceive the Son to be, who is the Wisdom and the Word, in whom all things came to be, but from God Himself? However, the Scriptures also teach us this, since the Father says by David, 'My heart uttered a good Word,' and, 'From the womb before the morning star I begot You;' and the Son signifies to the Jews about Himself, 'If God were your Father, you would love Me; for I proceeded forth from the Father John 8:42.' And again; 'Not that anyone has seen the Father, save He which is from God, He has seen the Father.' And moreover, 'I and My Father are one,' and, 'I in the Father and the Father in Me,' is equivalent to saying, 'I am from the Father, and inseparable from Him.' And John in saying, 'The Only-begotten Son which is in the bosom of the Father, He has declared Him, ' spoke of what He had learned from the Saviour. Besides, what else does 'in the bosom' intimate, but the Son's genuine generation from the Father?

If someone thinks of God as composite—like an accident exists in an essence, or as having some external covering and being enclosed, or as if there is anything around Him that completes His essence, so that when we say "God" or name "Father" we do not signify the invisible and incomprehensible essence but something around it—then let them complain about the Council's statement that the Son was from the essence of God. But let them realize that in thinking this way they are uttering two blasphemies: they make God corporeal, and they falsely say that the Lord is not Son of the very Father but of what is around Him. But if God is simple, as He is, it follows that in saying "God" and naming "Father," we name nothing as if around Him, but signify His essence itself. For though it is impossible to comprehend what the essence of God is, yet if we only understand that God exists, and if Scripture indicates Him by means of these titles, we, with the intention of indicating Him and none other, call Him God and Father and Lord. When He says, "I am that I am," and "I am the Lord God," or when Scripture says "God," we understand nothing else by it except the indication of His incomprehensible essence itself, and that He who is spoken of exists. Therefore let no one be startled on hearing that the Son of God is from the essence of the Father; but rather let him accept the explanation of the Fathers, who in more explicit but equivalent language have written "of the essence" for "from God." For they considered it the same thing to say that the Word was "of God" and "of the essence of God," since the word "God," as I have already said, signifies nothing but the essence of Him who exists. If then the Word is not in such a sense from God as a son, genuine and natural, from a father, but only as creatures because they are made, and as "all things are from God," then He is not from the essence of the Father, nor is the Son again Son according to essence, but in consequence of virtue, as we who are called sons by grace. But if He alone is from God as a genuine Son, as He is, then the Son may reasonably be called from the essence of God.

22. If then any man conceives God to be compound, as accident is in essence, or to have any external envelopement, and to be encompassed, or as if there is anything about Him which completes the essence, so that when we say ' God,' or name 'Father,' we do not signify the invisible and incomprehensible essence, but something about it, then let them complain of the Council's stating that the Son was from the essence of God; but let them reflect, that in thus considering they utter two blasphemies; for they make God corporeal, and they falsely say that the Lord is not Son of the very Father, but of what is about Him. But if God be simple, as He is, it follows that in saying 'God' and naming 'Father,' we name nothing as if about Him, but signify his essence itself. For though to comprehend what the essence of God is be impossible, yet if we only understand that God is, and if Scripture indicates Him by means of these titles, we, with the intention of indicating Him and none else, call Him God and Father and Lord. When then He says, 'I am that I am,' and 'I am the Lord God Exodus 3:14-15,' or when Scripture says, ' God,' we understand nothing else by it but the intimation of His incomprehensible essence Itself, and that He Is, who is spoken of. Therefore let no one be startled on hearing that the Son of God is from the Essence of the Father; but rather let him accept the explanation of the Fathers, who in more explicit but equivalent language have for 'from God?' written 'of the essence.' For they considered it the same thing to say that the Word was 'of God?' and 'of the essence of God,' since the word ' God,' as I have already said, signifies nothing but the essence of Him Who Is. If then the Word is not in such sense from God, as a son, genuine and natural, from a father, but only as creatures because they are framed, and as 'all things are from God,' then neither is He from the essence of the Father, nor is the Son again Son according to essence, but in consequence of virtue, as we who are called sons by grace. But if He only is from God, as a genuine Son, as He is, then the Son may reasonably be called from the essence of God.

Again, the illustration of Light and Radiance has this meaning. For the saints have not said that the Word was related to God as fire kindled from the heat of the sun, which is commonly put out again, for this is an external work and a creature of its maker. Rather, they all preach of him as Radiance, in order to signify his being from the ousia, proper and indivisible, and his oneness with the Father. This will also secure his true unchangeableness and immutability, for how can these belong to him unless he is the proper offspring of the Father's ousia? For this too must be understood to confirm his identity with his own Father. Since our explanation has such a religious character, Christ's enemies should not be startled at the phrase one in ousia either, since this term also has a sound sense and good reasons. Indeed, if we say that the Word is from the ousia of God (for after what has been said, this must be a phrase they admit), what does this mean except the truth and eternity of the ousia from which he is begotten? For he is not different in kind, lest he be combined with the ousia of God as something foreign and unlike it. Nor is he merely like in outward appearance, lest he seem in some respect or wholly to be other in ousia, as brass shines like gold and silver like tin. For these are foreign and of a different nature, separated from each other in nature and qualities, nor is brass proper to gold, nor is the pigeon born from the dove. Though they are considered alike, yet they differ in ousia. If then it is thus with the Son, let him be a creature as we are and not one in ousia. But if the Son is Word, Wisdom, Image of the Father, Radiance, he must by all reason be one in ousia. For unless it is proved that he is not from God, but an instrument different in nature and different in ousia, surely the Council was sound in its doctrine and correct in its decree.

23. Again, the illustration of the Light and the Radiance has this meaning. For the Saints have not said that the Word was related to God as fire kindled from the heat of the sun, which is commonly put out again, for this is an external work and a creature of its author, but they all preach of Him as Radiance, thereby to signify His being from the essence, proper and indivisible, and His oneness with the Father. This also will secure His true unchangableness and immutability; for how can these be His, unless He be proper Offspring of the Father's essence? For this too must be taken to confirm His identity with His own Father. Our explanation then having so religious an aspect, Christ's enemies should not be startled at the 'One in essence,' either, since this term also has a sound sense and good reasons. Indeed, if we say that the Word is from the essence of God (for after what has been said this must be a phrase admitted by them), what does this mean but the truth and eternity of the essence from which He is begotten? For it is not different in kind, lest it be combined with the essence of God as something foreign and unlike it. Nor is He like only outwardly, lest He seem in some respect or wholly to be other in essence, as brass shines like gold and silver like tin. For these are foreign and of other nature, are separated off from each other in nature and virtues, nor is brass proper to gold, nor is the pigeon born from the dove; but though they are considered like, yet they differ in essence. If then it be thus with the Son, let Him be a creature as we are, and not One in essence; but if the Son is Word, Wisdom, Image of the Father, Radiance, He must in all reason be One in essence. For unless it be proved that He is not from God, but an instrument different in nature and different in essence, surely the Council was sound in its doctrine and correct in its decree.

Furthermore, let all physical comparisons be set aside in this matter. Rising above every sense-based imagination, let us grasp with pure understanding and mind alone the genuine relationship of son to father, the Word's proper relationship to God, and the unchanging likeness of the radiance to the light. Just as the words 'Offspring' and 'Son' carry, and are meant to carry, no human meaning but one appropriate to God, so also when we hear the phrase 'one in essence,' we must not fall back on human concepts and imagine partitions and divisions of the Godhead. Instead, directing our thoughts to immaterial realities, let us preserve undivided the oneness of nature and the identity of light. This is what is proper to a son in relation to a father, and in this is shown that God is truly Father of the Word. Here again, the illustration of light and its radiance is relevant. Who would dare to say that the radiance is unlike and foreign to the sun? Rather, who, considering the radiance in relation to the sun and the identity of the light, would not say with confidence, 'Truly the light and the radiance are one, and the one is revealed in the other, and the radiance is in the sun, so that whoever sees this, sees that also'? But such a oneness and natural property, what should those who believe and see correctly call it, except Offspring one in essence? And what should we appropriately and fittingly consider God's Offspring to be, except Word, and Wisdom, and Power? It would be a sin to say this was foreign to the Father, or a crime even to imagine it as anything other than eternally with Him. For through this Offspring the Father made all things and extends His Providence to all things; through Him He exercises His love for humanity, and thus He and the Father are one, as has been said. Unless indeed these perverse people make a fresh attempt and say that the ousia of the Word is not the same as the Light which is in Him from the Father, as if the Light in the Son were one with the Father, but He Himself foreign in ousia as being a creature. Yet this is simply the belief of Caiaphas and the Samosatene, which the Church cast out, but which these people are now disguising. By this they fell from the truth and were declared to be heretics. For if He partakes in fullness the light from the Father, why is He not rather that which others partake, so that no intermediary is introduced between Him and the Father? Otherwise, it is no longer clear that all things were generated by the Son, but by Him of whom He too partakes. And if this is the Word, the Wisdom of the Father, in whom the Father is revealed and known, and frames the world, and without whom the Father does nothing, evidently He is the one who is from the Father. For all created things partake of Him, as they partake of the Holy Spirit. And being such, He cannot be from nothing, nor a creature at all, but rather a proper Offspring from the Father, as the radiance from light.

24. Further, let every corporeal reference be banished on this subject; and transcending every imagination of sense, let us, with pure understanding and with mind alone, apprehend the genuine relation of son to father, and the Word's proper relation towards God, and the unvarying likeness of the radiance towards the light: for as the words 'Offspring' and 'Son' bear, and are meant to bear, no human sense, but one suitable to God, in like manner when we hear the phrase 'one in essence,' let us not fall upon human senses, and imagine partitions and divisions of the Godhead, but as having our thoughts directed to things immaterial, let us preserve undivided the oneness of nature and the identity of light; for this is proper to a son as regards a father, and in this is shown that God is truly Father of the Word. Here again, the illustration of light and its radiance is in point. Who will presume to say that the radiance is unlike and foreign to the sun? Rather who, thus considering the radiance relatively to the sun, and the identity of the light, would not say with confidence, 'Truly the light and the radiance are one, and the one is manifested in the other, and the radiance is in the sun, so that whoever sees this, sees that also?' but such a oneness and natural property, what should it be named by those who believe and see aright, but Offspring one in essence? And God's Offspring what should we fittingly and suitably consider, but Word, and Wisdom, and Power? Which it were a sin to say was foreign to the Father, or a crime even to imagine as other than with Him everlastingly. For by this Offspring the Father made all things, and extended His Providence unto all things; by Him He exercises His love to man, and thus He and the Father are one, as has been said; unless indeed these perverse men make a fresh attempt, and say that the essence of the Word is not the same as the Light which is in Him from the Father, as if the Light in the Son were one with the Father, but He Himself foreign in essence as being a creature. Yet this is simply the belief of Caiaphas and the Samosatene, which the Church cast out, but these now are disguising; and by this they fell from the truth, and were declared to be heretics. For if He partakes in fullness the light from the Father, why is He not rather that which others partake, that there be no medium introduced between Him and the Father? Otherwise, it is no longer clear that all things were generated by the Son, but by Him, of whom He too partakes. And if this is the Word, the Wisdom of the Father, in whom the Father is revealed and known, and frames the world, and without whom the Father does nothing, evidently He it is who is from the Father: for all things originated partake of Him, as partaking of the Holy Ghost. And being such, He cannot be from nothing, nor a creature at all, but rather a proper Offspring from the Father, as the radiance from light.

This is the meaning in which those who gathered at Nicaea used these expressions. But next, to prove that they did not invent these terms themselves (since this is one of their excuses), but rather spoke what they had received from their predecessors, let us proceed to demonstrate this as well, so as to remove even this excuse from them. Know then, O Arians, enemies of Christ, that Theognostus, a learned man, did not avoid the phrase 'of the ousia,' for in the second book of his Hypotyposes he writes the following about the Son:

25. This then is the sense in which they who met at Nicæa made use of these expressions. But next that they did not invent them for themselves (since this is one of their excuses), but spoke what they had received from their predecessors, proceed we to prove this also, to cut off even this excuse from them. Know then, O Arians, foes of Christ, that Theognostus, a learned man, did not decline the phrase 'of the essence,' for in the second book of his Hypotyposes, he writes thus of the Son: —

The essence of the Son is not something obtained from outside, nor does it come from nothing, but it originated from the Father's essence, like the radiance of light or the vapor of water. Neither the radiance nor the vapor is the water itself or the sun itself, nor is it alien to them; rather, it is an emanation of the Father's essence, which nonetheless suffers no division. Just as the sun remains unchanged and is not diminished by the rays it pours forth, so the Father's essence does not undergo change, even though it has the Son as an Image of Itself.

The essence of the Son is not one procured from without, nor accruing out of nothing, but it sprang from the Father's essence, as the radiance of light, as the vapour of water; for neither the radiance, nor the vapour, is the water itself or the sun itself, nor is it alien; but it is an effluence of the Father's essence, which, however, suffers no partition. For as the sun remains the same, and is not impaired by the rays poured forth by it, so neither does the Father's essence suffer change, though it has the Son as an Image of Itself.

Theognostus, after having previously investigated the matter by way of an exercise, proceeds to set forth his views in the words just quoted. Next, Dionysius, who was Bishop of Alexandria, wrote extensively against Sabellius, explaining in detail the Savior's economy (plan of salvation) according to the flesh. In doing so, he argued against the Sabellians that it was not the Father but His Word who became flesh, just as John said. Because of this, he was suspected of saying that the Son was something made and originated, and not one in ousia with the Father. Concerning this accusation, he wrote to his namesake Dionysius, Bishop of Rome, to defend himself by claiming that this was a slander against him. He assured him that he had not called the Son made, but rather confessed Him to be even one in ousia. His words were as follows:

Theognostus then, after previously investigating in the way of an exercise, proceeds to lay down his sentiments in the foregoing words. Next, Dionysius, who was Bishop of Alexandria, upon his writing against Sabellius and expounding at large the Saviour's Economy according to the flesh, and thence proving against the Sabellians that not the Father but His Word became flesh, as John has said, was suspected of saying that the Son as a thing made and originated, and not one in essence with the Father; on this he writes to his namesake Dionysius, Bishop of Rome, to allege in his defense that this was a slander upon him. And he assured him that he had not called the Son made, nay, did confess Him to be even one in essence. And his words ran thus:–

And I have written in another letter a refutation of the false charge they bring against me, that I deny that Christ was one in ousia with God. For though I say that I have not found this term anywhere in Holy Scripture, yet my remarks which follow, and which they have not noticed, are not inconsistent with that belief. For I used human birth as an example of being clearly of the same nature, and I pointed out that undeniably parents differed from their children only in not being the same individuals, otherwise there could be neither parents nor children. And my letter, as I said before, owing to present circumstances I am unable to produce; or I would have sent you the very words I used, or rather a copy of it all, which, if I have an opportunity, I will do still. But I am sure from memory that I used parallels of things related to each other; for instance, that a plant grown from seed or from root was different from that from which it sprang, yet was altogether one in nature with it: and that a stream flowing from a fountain gained a new name, for neither the fountain was called stream, nor the stream fountain, and both existed, and the stream was the water from the fountain

And I have written in another letter a refutation of the false charge they bring against me, that I deny that Christ was one in essence with God. For though I say that I have not found this term anywhere in Holy Scripture, yet my remarks which follow, and which they have not noticed, are not inconsistent with that belief. For I instanced human birth as being evidently homogeneous, and I observed that undeniably parents differed from their children only in not being the same individuals, otherwise there could be neither parents nor children. And my letter, as I said before, owing to present circumstances I am unable to produce; or I would have sent you the very words I used, or rather a copy of it all, which, if I have an opportunity, I will do still. But I am sure from recollection that I adduced parallels of things kindred with each other; for instance, that a plant grown from seed or from root, was other than that from which it sprang, yet was altogether one in nature with it: and that a stream flowing from a fountain, gained a new name, for that neither the fountain was called stream, nor the stream fountain, and both existed, and the stream was the water from the fountain

And to show that the Word of God is not a work or creature, but an offspring that properly belongs to the Father's ousia and is indivisible from it—as the great Council wrote—you can see this in the words of Dionysius, Bishop of Rome. While writing against the Sabellians, he strongly condemns those who dared to say otherwise:

26. And that the Word of God is not a work or creature, but an offspring proper to the Father's essence and indivisible, as the great Council wrote, here you may see in the words of Dionysius, Bishop of Rome, who, while writing against the Sabellians, thus inveighs against those who dared to say so:–

Now I may reasonably turn to those who divide and cut to pieces and destroy the most sacred doctrine of the Church of God, the Divine Monarchy, making it into three powers and divided subsistences and three godheads. I am told that some among you who are catechists and teachers of the Divine Word take the lead in this position, and they are completely opposed, so to speak, to Sabellius's opinions. For he blasphemously says that the Son is the Father and the Father the Son, but they in some way preach three Gods by dividing the sacred Monad into three subsistences that are foreign to each other and completely separate. For it must be that the Divine Word is united with the God of the Universe, and the Holy Spirit must rest and dwell in God. Thus in one person—as in a summit, I mean the God of the Universe—the Divine Triad must be gathered up and brought together. For it is the doctrine of the presumptuous Marcion to sever and divide the Divine Monarchy into three origins—a devil's teaching, not that of Christ's true disciples and lovers of the Savior's teachings. For they know well that a Triad is preached by divine Scripture, but that neither Old Testament nor New preaches three Gods. Equally, one must censure those who hold the Son to be a work and consider that the Lord came into being as one of the things that really came to be, whereas the divine oracles witness to a generation suitable to Him and fitting, but not to any fashioning or making. It is a blasphemy, then, not ordinary but even the highest, to say that the Lord is in any way a handiwork. For if He came to be Son, once He was not; but He was always, if He is in the Father, as He says Himself, and if the Christ is Word and Wisdom and Power (which, as you know, divine Scripture says), and these attributes are powers of God. If then the Son came into being, once these attributes were not; consequently there was a time when God was without them, which is most absurd. And why say more on these points to you, men full of the Spirit and well aware of the absurdities that come into view from saying that the Son is a work? Not paying attention, as I consider, to this point, the authors of this opinion have entirely missed the truth in explaining, contrary to the sense of divine and prophetic Scripture in the passage, the words, "The Lord created me a beginning of His ways unto His works." For the sense of "He created," as you know, is not single, for we must understand "He created" in this place as "He set over the works made by Him," that is, made by the Son Himself. And "He created" here must not be taken as "made," for creating differs from making. "Is not He your Father that has bought you? Has He not made you and created you?" says Moses in his great song in Deuteronomy. And one may say to them, O reckless men, is He a work who is "the Firstborn of every creature, who is born from the womb before the morning star," who said, as Wisdom, "Before all the hills He begets me"? And in many passages of the divine oracles the Son is said to have been generated, but nowhere to have come into being, which clearly convicts those of misconception about the Lord's generation who presume to call His divine and ineffable generation a making. Therefore we may neither divide the wonderful and divine Monad into three Godheads, nor disparage the dignity and exceeding majesty of the Lord with the name of "work," but we must believe in God the Father Almighty, and in Christ Jesus His Son, and in the Holy Spirit, and hold that the Word is united to the God of the universe. For "I," says He, "and the Father are one," and "I in the Father and the Father in Me." For thus both the Divine Triad and the holy preaching of the Monarchy will be preserved.

Next, I may reasonably turn to those who divide and cut to pieces and destroy that most sacred doctrine of the Church of God, the Divine Monarchy, making it as it were three powers and partitive subsistences and god-heads three. I am told that some among you who are catechists and teachers of the Divine Word, take the lead in this tenet, who are diametrically opposed, so to speak, to Sabellius's opinions; for he blasphemously says that the Son is the Father, and the Father the Son, but they in some sort preach three Gods, as dividing the sacred Monad into three subsistences foreign to each other and utterly separate. For it must needs be that with the God of the Universe, the Divine Word is united, and the Holy Ghost must repose and habitate in God; thus in one as in a summit, I mean the God of the Universe, must the Divine Triad be gathered up and brought together. For it is the doctrine of the presumptuous Marcion, to sever and divide the Divine Monarchy into three origins — a devil's teaching, not that of Christ's true disciples and lovers of the Saviour's lessons. For they know well that a Triad is preached by divine Scripture, but that neither Old Testament nor New preaches three Gods. Equally must one censure those who hold the Son to be a work, and consider that the Lord has come into being, as one of things which really came to be; whereas the divine oracles witness to a generation suitable to Him and becoming, but not to any fashioning or making. A blasphemy then is it, not ordinary, but even the highest, to say that the Lord is in any sort a handiwork. For if He came to be Son, once He was not; but He was always, if (that is) He be in the Father, as He says Himself, and if the Christ be Word and Wisdom and Power (which, as you know, divine Scripture says), and these attributes be powers of God. If then the Son came into being, once these attributes were not; consequently there was a time, when God was without them; which is most absurd. And why say more on these points to you, men full of the Spirit and well aware of the absurdities which come to view from saying that the Son is a work? Not attending, as I consider, to this circumstance, the authors of this opinion have entirely missed the truth, in explaining, contrary to the sense of divine and prophetic Scripture in the passage, the words, 'The Lord created me a beginning of His ways unto His works Proverbs 8:22.' For the sense of 'He created,' as you know, is not one, for we must understand 'He created' in this place, as 'He set over the works made by Him,' that is, 'made by the Son Himself.' And 'He created' here must not be taken for 'made,' for creating differs from making. 'Is not He your Father that has bought you? Has He not made you and created you Deuteronomy 32:6?'says Moses in his great song in Deuteronomy. And one may say to them, O reckless men, is He a work, who is 'the First-born of every creature, who is born from the womb before the morning star,' who said, as Wisdom, 'Before all the hills He begets me Proverbs 8:25?' And in many passages of the divine oracles is the Son said to have been generated, but nowhere to have come into being; which manifestly convicts those of misconception about the Lord's generation, who presume to call His divine and ineffable generation a making. Neither then may we divide into three Godheads the wonderful and divine Monad; nor disparage with the name of 'work' the dignity and exceeding majesty of the Lord; but we must believe in God the Father Almighty, and in Christ Jesus His Son, and in the Holy Ghost, and hold that to the God of the universe the Word is united. For 'I,' says He, 'and the Father are one;' and, 'I in the Father and the Father in Me.' For thus both the Divine Triad, and the holy preaching of the Monarchy, will be preserved.

And concerning the eternal co-existence of the Word with the Father, and that He is not of another ousia or hypostasis, but proper to the Father's, as the Bishops in the Council said, you may also hear from the hard-working Origen. For what he has written as if inquiring and by way of exercise, no one should take as expressing his own views, but rather the views of parties who are arguing in investigation. What he clearly declares, however, that is the opinion of this hard-working man. After his preliminary exercises (so to speak) against the heretics, he immediately introduces his personal belief, as follows:

27. And concerning the everlasting co-existence of the Word with the Father, and that He is not of another essence or subsistence, but proper to the Father's, as the Bishops in the Council said, you may hear again from the labour-loving Origen also. For what he has written as if inquiring and by way of exercise, that let no one take as expressive of his own sentiments, but of parties who are contending in investigation, but what he definitely declares, that is the sentiment of the labour-loving man. After his prolusions then (so to speak) against the heretics, straightway he introduces his personal belief, thus:–

If there exists an Image of the Invisible God, it must be an invisible Image. Indeed, I will be bold enough to add that, being the likeness of the Father, it never did not exist. For when was God, who according to John is called Light (for "God is Light"), ever without the radiance of His proper glory, such that anyone should dare to claim the Son began to exist, as if before that He did not exist? But when did that Image of the Father's Ineffable and Nameless and Unutterable hypostasis not exist—that Expression and Word, and He who knows the Father? For let anyone who dares to say "Once the Son was not" understand clearly that he is saying "Once Wisdom was not" and "Word was not" and "Life was not."

If there be an Image of the Invisible God, it is an invisible Image; nay, I will be bold to add, that, as being the likeness of the Father, never was it not. For when was that God, who, according to John, is called Light (for 'God is Light'), without a radiance of His proper glory, that a man should presume to assert the Son's origin of existence, as if before He was not? But when was not that Image of the Father's Ineffable and Nameless and Unutterable subsistence, that Expression and Word, and He that knows the Father? For let him understand well who dares to say, 'Once the Son was not,' that he is saying, 'Once Wisdom was not,' and 'Word was not,' and 'Life was not.'

And again in another place he says:

And again elsewhere he says:–

But it is neither innocent nor without danger if, because of our weak understanding, we deprive God—as far as it depends on us—of the Only-begotten Word who eternally co-exists with Him, and of the Wisdom in which He rejoiced; otherwise He must be understood as not always having possessed joy.

But it is not innocent nor without peril, if because of our weakness of understanding we deprive God, as far as in us lies, of the Only-begotten Word ever co-existing with Him; and the Wisdom in which He rejoiced; else He must be conceived as not always possessed of joy.

Look, we are proving that this view has been passed down from generation to generation; but you, O modern Jews and disciples of Caiaphas, how many earlier teachers can you claim for your expressions? Not one who is understanding and wise, for all reject you except the devil alone. Only he is your father in this apostasy, who both in the beginning planted in you the seed of this false religion, and now persuades you to slander the Ecumenical Council for writing down not your doctrines, but what those who were eyewitnesses and ministers of the Word have handed down to us from the beginning. For the faith which the Council has confessed in writing is the faith of the Catholic Church. To assert this, the blessed Fathers expressed themselves in this way while condemning the Arian heresy, and this is a chief reason why these people apply themselves to slandering the Council. For it is not the terms themselves that trouble them, but the fact that those terms prove them to be heretics and more presumptuous than other heresies.

See, we are proving that this view has been transmitted from father to father; but you, O modern Jews and disciples of Caiaphas, how many fathers can you assign to your phrases? Not one of the understanding and wise; for all abhor you, but the devil alone; none but he is your father in this apostasy, who both in the beginning sowed you with the seed of this irreligion, and now persuades you to slander the Ecumenical Council, for committing to writing, not your doctrines, but that which from the beginning those who were eye-witnesses and ministers of the Word have handed down to us. For the faith which the Council has confessed in writing, that is the faith of the Catholic Church; to assert this, the blessed Fathers so expressed themselves while condemning the Arian heresy; and this is a chief reason why these apply themselves to calumniate the Council. For it is not the terms which trouble them, but that those terms prove them to be heretics, and presumptuous beyond other heresies.

This, in fact, was the reason why, when the flawed nature of their statements had been exposed at that time and they were now openly liable to the charge of impiety, they went on to borrow from the Greeks the term Unoriginate. They did this so that, under cover of this term, they might classify the Word of God—through whom these very things came into existence—among originated things and creatures. So shameless are they in their impiety, so stubborn in their blasphemies against the Lord. If this lack of shame comes from ignorance of the term, they should have learned from those who gave it to them, who have not hesitated to say that even intellect, which they derive from the Good, and the soul which proceeds from intellect, though their respective origins are known, are nevertheless unoriginated. For they understand that by saying this they do not diminish that first Origin from which the others come. Since this is the case, let them say the same thing themselves, or else not speak at all about what they do not know. But if they think they are familiar with the subject, then they must be questioned. For the expression is not from divine Scripture, but they are arguing, as they do elsewhere, for unscriptural positions. Just as I have explained the reason and meaning with which the Council and the Fathers before it defined and published "of the ousia" and "one in ousia," in agreement with what Scripture says of the Savior, so now let them, if they can, answer for their part what has led them to this unscriptural phrase, and in what sense they call God Unoriginate. In truth, I am told that the name has different meanings. Philosophers say that it means, first, "what has not yet come to be, but may"; second, "what neither exists nor can come into being"; and third, "what exists indeed, but was neither originated nor had origin of being, but is everlasting and indestructible." Now perhaps they will want to pass over the first two meanings because of the absurdity that follows. For according to the first, things that have already come to be and things that are expected to come to be are unoriginated; and the second is even more absurd. Accordingly, they will proceed to the third meaning and use the word in that sense. Yet even here, in this sense too, their impiety will be just as great. For if by unoriginated they mean what has no origin of being, nor is originated or created, but eternal, and they say that the Word of God is the opposite of this, who does not comprehend the cunning of these enemies of God? Who would not stone such madmen? For when they are ashamed to bring forward again those first statements which they invented and which were condemned, the wretches have found another way to convey them, by means of what they call unoriginate. For if the Son belongs to originated things, it follows that He too came to be from nothing; and if He has an origin of being, then He did not exist before His generation; and if He is not eternal, there was once when He was not.

28. This in fact was the reason, when the unsound nature of their phrases had been exposed at that time, and they were henceforth open to the charge of irreligion, that they proceeded to borrow of the Greeks the term Unoriginate, that, under shelter of it, they might reckon among the things originated and the creatures, that Word of God, by whom these very things came to be; so unblushing are they in their irreligion, so obstinate in their blasphemies against the Lord. If then this want of shame arises from ignorance of the term, they ought to have learned of those who gave it them, and who have not scrupled to say that even intellect, which they derive from Good, and the soul which proceeds from intellect, though their respective origins be known, are notwithstanding unoriginated, for they understand that by so saying they do not disparage that first Origin of which the others come. This being the case, let them say the like themselves, or else not speak at all of what they do not know. But if they consider they are acquainted with the subject, then they must be interrogated; for the expression is not from divine Scripture, but they are contentious, as elsewhere, for unscriptural positions. Just as I have related the reason and sense, with which the Council and the Fathers before it defined and published 'of the essence,' and 'one in essence,' agreeably to what Scripture says of the Saviour; so now let them, if they can, answer on their part what has led them to this unscriptural phrase, and in what sense they call God Unoriginated? In truth, I am told, that the name has different senses; philosophers say that it means, first 'what has not yet, but may, come to be;' next, 'what neither exists, nor can come into being;' and thirdly, 'what exists indeed, but was neither originated nor had origin of being, but is everlasting and indestructible.' Now perhaps they will wish to pass over the first two senses, from the absurdity which follows; for according to the first, things that already have come to be, and things that are expected to come to be, are unoriginated; and the second is more absurd still; accordingly they will proceed to the third sense, and use the word in it; though here, in this sense too, their irreligion will be quite as great. For if by unoriginated they mean what has no origin of being, nor is originated or created, but eternal, and say that the Word of God is contrary to this, who comprehends not the craft of these foes of God? Who but would stone such madmen? For, when they are ashamed to bring forward again those first phrases which they fabled, and which were condemned, the wretches have taken another way to signify them, by means of what they call unoriginate. For if the Son be of things originate, it follows, that He too came to be from nothing; and if He has an origin of being, then He was not before His generation; and if He is not eternal, there was once when He was not.

If these are their beliefs, they ought to express their heretical views in their own words and not hide their wickedness behind the term Unoriginate. But instead, these evil-minded men do everything with cunning, just like their father, the devil. For just as he tries to deceive by disguising himself as others, so these have introduced the term Unoriginate so that they might appear to speak reverently about God, while secretly harboring blasphemy against the Lord and teaching it to others under cover. However, once this deception is exposed, what is left to them? "We have found another explanation," say these evildoers, and then they go on to add to what they have already said—that Unoriginate means what has no author of being but itself stands in this relation to things that have originated. How ungrateful, and truly deaf to the Scriptures! They do everything and say everything not to honor God but to dishonor the Son, ignorant that whoever dishonors the Son dishonors the Father. For first, even if they describe God in this way, the Word is still not proven to be among originated things. For again, since He is an offspring of the Father's ousia, He is consequently eternal with Him. For this name "offspring" does not detract from the nature of the Word, nor does Unoriginated take its meaning from contrast with the Son, but with the things that come to be through the Son. Just as someone who addresses an architect and calls him the builder of a house or city does not by this title refer to the son begotten from him, but on account of the skill and knowledge he displays in his work calls him an artificer—meaning by this that he is not like the things he has made—and while knowing the nature of the builder, also knows that the one he begets is different from his works, and calls him father in regard to his son but creator and maker in regard to his works—in the same way, anyone who says in this sense that God is Unoriginate names Him from His works, signifying not only that He is not originated but that He is the maker of things that are originated. Yet this person knows at the same time that the Word is different from originated things and is the unique proper offspring of the Father, through whom all things came to be and hold together.

29. If these are their sentiments they ought to signify their heterodoxy in their own phrases, and not to hide their perverseness under the cloke of the Unoriginate. But instead of this, the evil-minded men do all things with craftiness like their father, the devil; for as he attempts to deceive in the guise of others, so these have broached the term Unoriginate, that they might pretend to speak piously of God, yet might cherish a concealed blasphemy against the Lord, and under a veil might teach it to others. However, on the detecting of this sophism, what remains to them? 'We have found another,' say the evildoers; and then proceed to add to what they have said already, that Unoriginate means what has no author of being, but stands itself in this relation to things originated. Unthankful, and in truth deaf to the Scriptures! Who do everything, and say everything, not to honour God, but to dishonour the Son, ignorant that he who dishonours the Son, dishonours the Father. For first, even though they denote God in this way, still the Word is not proved to be of things originated. For again, as being an offspring of the essence of the Father, He is of consequence with Him eternally. For this name of offspring does not detract from the nature of the Word, nor does Unoriginated take its sense from contrast with the Son, but with the things which come to be through the Son; and as he who addresses an architect, and calls him framer of house or city, does not under this designation allude to the son who is begotten from him, but on account of the art and science which he displays in his work, calls him artificer, signifying thereby that he is not such as the things made by him, and while he knows the nature of the builder, knows also that he whom he begets is other than his works; and in regard to his son calls him father, but in regard to his works, creator and maker; in like manner he who says in this sense that God is unoriginate, names Him from His works, signifying, not only that He is not originated, but that He is maker of things which are so; yet is aware withal that the Word is other than the things originate, and alone a proper offspring of the Father, through whom all things came to be and consist.

In the same way, when the Prophets spoke of God as All-ruling, they did not give Him that name as if the Word were included in that "All." For they knew that the Son was distinct from created things and was Himself Sovereign over them, according to His likeness to the Father. Rather, they called Him this because He rules over all things which He made through the Son, and has given authority over all things to the Son, and having given it, is Himself once more Lord of all things through the Word. Again, when they called God Lord of the powers, they did not say this as if the Word were one of those powers, but because while He is Father of the Son, He is Lord of the powers which have come into being through the Son. For the Word too, being in the Father, is Lord of them all and Sovereign over all, for all things that the Father has belong to the Son. This being the meaning of such titles, in the same way let someone call God unoriginated, if he wishes, but not as if the Word were among originated things. Rather, as I said before, God is not only unoriginated but through His own Word is the maker of things that are originated. For even though the Father is called this, the Word is still the Father's Image and one in ousia with Him. And being His Image, He must be distinct from originated things and from everything else, for He has the property and likeness of the One whose Image He is. So whoever calls the Father unoriginated and almighty perceives in the Unoriginated and the Almighty His Word and His Wisdom, which is the Son. But these people, so ready for irreligion, latched onto the term "Unoriginated" not because they care about God's honor, but from malice toward the Savior. For if they had any regard for honor and reverent language, it would have been right and good to acknowledge and call God Father rather than to give Him this name. For in calling God unoriginated, they are, as I said before, naming Him in relation to things that came into being, and merely as a Maker, so that they can imply the Word is a work according to their own wishes. But whoever calls God Father signifies His Son as well, and cannot fail to know that, since there is a Son, all things that came into being were created through this Son.

30. In like manner, when the Prophets spoke of God as All-ruling, they did not so name Him, as if the Word were included in that All; (for they knew that the Son was other than things originated, and Sovereign over them Himself, according to His likeness to the Father); but because He is Ruler over all things which through the Son He has made, and has given the authority of all things to the Son, and having given it, is Himself once more the Lord of all things through the Word. Again, when they called God, Lord of the powers, they said not this as if the Word was one of those powers, but because while He is Father of the Son, He is Lord of the powers which through the Son have come to be. For again, the Word too, as being in the Father, is Lord of them all, and Sovereign over all; for all things, whatsoever the Father has, are the Son's. This then being the force of such titles, in like manner let a man call God unoriginated, if it so please him; not however as if the Word were of originated things, but because, as I said before, God not only is not originated, but through His proper Word is He the maker of things which are so. For though the Father be called such, still the Word is the Father's Image, and one in essence with Him; and being His Image, He must be distinct from things originated, and from everything; for whose Image He is, His property and likeness He has: so that he who calls the Father unoriginated and almighty, perceives in the Unoriginated and the Almighty, His Word and His Wisdom, which is the Son. But these wondrous men, and prompt for irreligion, hit upon the term Unoriginated, not as caring for God's honour, but from malevolence towards the Saviour; for if they had regard to honour and reverent language, it rather had been right and good to acknowledge and to call God Father, than to give Him this name; for in calling God unoriginated, they are, as I said before, calling Him from things which came to be, and as a Maker only, that so they may imply the Word to be a work after their own pleasure; but he who calls God Father, in Him withal signifies His Son also, and cannot fail to know that, whereas there is a Son, through this Son all things that came to be were created.

Therefore it will be much more accurate to identify God from the Son and call Him Father, than to name and call Him Unoriginated based only on His works. The latter term refers to the works that have come into being by God's will through the Word, but the name Father points to the proper offspring from His ousia. And just as the Word surpasses created things, by that much and more does calling God Father surpass calling Him Unoriginated. The latter is non-scriptural and suspicious, since it has various meanings, but the former is simple and scriptural, and more accurate, and alone implies the Son. "Unoriginated" is a word of the Greeks who do not know the Son, but "Father" has been acknowledged and granted by our Lord. For He, knowing whose Son He was, said, "I in the Father and the Father in Me," and "He that has seen Me has seen the Father," and "I and the Father are one." But nowhere is He found calling the Father Unoriginated. Moreover, when He teaches us to pray, He does not say, "When you pray, say, O God Unoriginated," but rather, "When you pray, say, Our Father, which art in heaven." And it was His will that the summary of our faith should have the same character. For He has commanded us to be baptized, not in the name of Unoriginate and Originate, not into the name of Uncreate and Creature, but into the name of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, for with such an initiation we too are made sons truly, and using the name of the Father, we acknowledge from that name the Word in the Father. But if He wills that we should call His own Father our Father, we must not on that account measure ourselves with the Son according to nature, for it is because of the Son that the Father is so called by us. For since the Word bore our body and came to be in us, therefore by reason of the Word in us, God is called our Father. For the Spirit of the Word in us names through us His own Father as ours, which is the Apostle's meaning when he says, "God has sent forth the Spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father."

31. Therefore it will be much more accurate to denote God from the Son and to call Him Father, than to name Him and call Him Unoriginated from His works only; for the latter term refers to the works that have come to be at the will of God through the Word, but the name of Father points out the proper offspring from His essence. And whereas the Word surpasses things originated, by so much and more also does calling God Father surpass the calling Him Unoriginated; for the latter is non-scriptural and suspicious, as it has various senses; but the former is simple and scriptural, and more accurate, and alone implies the Son. And 'Unoriginated' is a word of the Greeks who know not the Son: but 'Father' has been acknowledged and vouchsafed by our Lord; for He knowing Himself whose Son He was, said, 'I in the Father and the Father in Me John 14:9-10;' and, 'He that has seen Me has seen the Father.' and, 'I and the Father are one;' but nowhere is He found to call the Father Unoriginated. Moreover, when He teaches us to pray, He says not, 'When ye pray, say, O God Unoriginated,' but rather, 'When ye pray, say, Our Father, which art in heaven Matthew 6:9.' And it was His Will, that the Summary of our faith should have the same bearing. For He has bid us be baptized, not in the name of Unoriginate and Originate, not into the name of Uncreate and Creature, but into the name of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, for with such an initiation we too are made sons verily, and using the name of the Father, we acknowledge from that name the Word in the Father. But if He wills that we should call His own Father our Father, we must not on that account measure ourselves with the Son according to nature, for it is because of the Son that the Father is so called by us; for since the Word bore our body and came to be in us, therefore by reason of the Word in us, is God called our Father. For the Spirit of the Word in us names through us His own Father as ours, which is the Apostle's meaning when he says, 'God has sent forth the Spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father Galatians 4:6.'

But perhaps, having been refuted concerning the term Unoriginate as well, they will say according to their evil nature, "It was necessary, as regards our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ also, to state from the Scriptures what is written there about Him, and not to introduce non-scriptural expressions." Yes, it was necessary, I also say. For the signs of truth are more precise when drawn from Scripture than from other sources. But the ill will and the shifting and crafty irreligion of Eusebius and his associates compelled the bishops, as I said before, to state more clearly the terms which overthrew their irreligion. And what the Council wrote has already been shown to have an orthodox sense, while the Arians have been shown to be corrupt in their phrases and evil in their dispositions. Though the term Unoriginate has its own sense and allows for a religious use, they nevertheless, according to their own idea and as they wish, use it to dishonor the Savior, all for the sake of contentiously maintaining, like giants, their fight against God. But just as they did not escape condemnation when they put forward those earlier phrases, so when they misunderstand the Unoriginated—which in itself allows for good and religious use—they were exposed, being disgraced before all, and their heresy proscribed everywhere. This, then, as I was able, I have related by way of explaining what was formerly done in the Council. But I know that the contentious among Christ's enemies will not be willing to change even after hearing this, but will always search about for other pretexts, and for others again after those. For as the Prophet says, "If the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots," then will those who have been taught irreligion be willing to think religiously. But you, beloved, when you receive this, read it yourself. And if you approve of it, read it also to the brethren who happen to be present, so that they too, on hearing it, may welcome the Council's zeal for the truth and the precision of its meaning, and may condemn that of Christ's enemies, the Arians, and the futile pretexts which for the sake of their irreligious heresy they have taken pains to devise among themselves. For to God and the Father is due the glory, honor, and worship with His co-existent Son and Word, together with the All-holy and Life-giving Spirit, now and unto endless ages of ages. Amen.

32. But perhaps being refuted as touching the term Unoriginate also, they will say according to their evil nature, 'It behooved, as regards our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ also, to state from the Scriptures what is there written of Him, and not to introduce non-scriptural expressions.' Yes, it behooved, say I too; for the tokens of truth are more exact as drawn from Scripture, than from other sources; but the ill disposition and the versatile and crafty irreligion of Eusebius and his fellows, compelled the Bishops, as I said before, to publish more distinctly the terms which overthrew their irreligion; and what the Council did write has already been shown to have an orthodox sense, while the Arians have been shown to be corrupt in their phrases, and evil in their dispositions. The term Unoriginate, having its own sense, and admitting of a religious use, they nevertheless, according to their own idea, and as they will, use for the dishonour of the Saviour, all for the sake of contentiously maintaining, like giants, their fight with God. But as they did not escape condemnation when they adduced these former phrases, so when they misconceive of the Unoriginated which in itself admits of being used well and religiously, they were detected, being disgraced before all, and their heresy everywhere proscribed. This then, as I could, have I related, by way of explaining what was formerly done in the Council; but I know that the contentious among Christ's foes will not be disposed to change even after hearing this, but will ever search about for other pretences, and for others again after those. For as the Prophet speaks, 'If the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots Jeremiah 13:23 ', then will they be willing to think religiously, who have been instructed in irreligion. Thou however, beloved, on receiving this, read it by yourself; and if you approve of it, read it also to the brethren who happen to be present, that they too on hearing it, may welcome the Council's zeal for the truth, and the exactness of its sense; and may condemn that of Christ's foes, the Arians, and the futile pretences, which for the sake of their irreligious heresy they have been at the pains to frame among themselves; because to God and the Father is due the glory, honour, and worship with His co-existent Son and Word, together with the All- holy and Life-giving Spirit, now and unto endless ages of ages. Amen.