Orations on the Feasts — Oration 45 (The Second Oration on Easter)

The Second Sermon on Easter.

The Second Oration on Easter.

I will stand upon my watch, the venerable Habakkuk says, and I will take my post beside him today on the authority and observation the Spirit gave me. I will look out and observe what will be said to me. Well, I have taken my stand and looked out, and behold—a man riding on the clouds, and he is very high. His face is like the face of an angel, and his clothing is like the brightness of piercing lightning. He lifts his hand toward the East and cries with a loud voice. His voice is like the sound of a trumpet, and around him is what seems to be a multitude of the heavenly host. He says, "Today salvation has come to the world—to that which is visible and to that which is invisible. Christ is risen from the dead; rise with him. Christ has returned again to himself; return yourselves. Christ is freed from the tomb; be freed from the bond of sin. The gates of hell are opened, death is destroyed, the old Adam is put aside, and the New is fulfilled. If anyone is in Christ, he is a new creature; be renewed." This is what he speaks. And the rest sing out, just as they did before when Christ was manifested to us by his birth on earth: "Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, goodwill among men." And I also speak these same words among you. And I wish I might receive a voice that would rank with the angel's and sound through all the ends of the earth.

I. I will stand upon my watch, Habakkuk 2:1 says the venerable Habakkuk; and I will take my post beside him today on the authority and observation which was given me of the Spirit; and I will look forth, and will observe what shall be said to me. Well, I have taken my stand, and looked forth; and behold a man riding on the clouds and he is very high, and his countenance is as the countenance of Angel, Judges 13:6 and his vesture as the brightness of piercing lightning; and he lifts his hand toward the East, and cries with a loud voice. His voice is like the voice of a trumpet; and round about Him is as it were a multitude of the Heavenly Host; and he says, Today is salvation come unto the world, to that which is visible, and to that which is invisible. Christ is risen from the dead, rise with Him. Christ is returned again to Himself, return ye. Christ is freed from the tomb, be freed from the bond of sin. The gates of hell are opened, and death is destroyed, and the old Adam is put aside, and the New is fulfilled; if any man be in Christ he is a new creature; 2 Corinthians 5:17 be renewed. Thus he speaks; and the rest sing out, as they did before when Christ was manifested to us by His birth on earth, their glory to God in the highest, on earth, peace, goodwill among men. And with them I also utter the same words among you. And would that I might receive a voice that should rank with the Angel's, and should sound through all the ends of the earth.

The Lord's Passover, the Passover—and again I say the Passover—in honor of the Trinity. This is for us a feast of feasts and a solemnity of solemnities, exalted far above all others. It surpasses not only those feasts that are merely human and earthly, but even those that belong to Christ Himself and are celebrated in His honor, as much as the sun surpasses the stars. Yesterday our splendid gathering and illumination was indeed beautiful, when in public and private we came together, people of every kind and nearly every rank, lighting up the night with our many fires. We fashioned these fires after the pattern of that great light—both the light by which the heaven above us kindles its beacon fires, and the light that is above the heavens among the angels (the first luminous nature, next to the first nature of all, because it springs directly from it), and the light that is in the Trinity, from which all light receives its being, separated from the undivided light and honored. But today's celebration is more beautiful and more glorious, because yesterday's light was a forerunner of the rising of the Great Light and a kind of joyful preparation for the festival. Today, however, we are celebrating the Resurrection itself, no longer as something we are waiting for but as something that has already happened and is gathering the whole world to itself. Let different people then bring forth different fruits and offer different gifts at this season, smaller or greater—spiritual offerings that are dear to God—as each one is able. For scarcely could the angels themselves offer gifts worthy of this festival's rank, those first and intellectual and pure beings who are also eyewitnesses of the glory on high, if even they can reach the full measure of praise. For our part, we will offer a discourse, the best and most precious thing we have—especially since we are praising the Word for the blessing He has given to reasoning creation. I will begin from this point. For I cannot bear, when I am offering the sacrifice of words concerning the great Sacrifice and the greatest of days, to fail to turn to God and take my beginning from Him. Therefore I ask you to cleanse your mind and ears and thoughts, all of you who delight in such subjects, since this discourse will be about God and will be divine. May you depart filled with delights that do not pass away into nothing. It will be both very full and very brief, so as neither to trouble you by what it lacks nor to displease you by excess.

II. The Lord's Passover, the Passover, and again I say the Passover to the honour of the Trinity. This is to us a Feast of feasts and a Solemnity of solemnities as far exalted above all others (not only those which are merely human and creep on the ground, but even those which are of Christ Himself, and are celebrated in His honour) as the Sun is above the stars. Beautiful indeed yesterday was our splendid array, and our illumination, in which both in public and private we associated ourselves, every kind of men, and almost every rank, illuminating the night with our crowded fires, formed after the fashion of that great light, both that with which the heaven above us lights its beacon fires, and that which is above the heavens, amid the angels (the first luminous nature, next to the first nature of all, because springing directly from it), and that which is in the Trinity, from which all light derives its being, parted from the undivided light and honoured. But today's is more beautiful and more illustrious; inasmuch as yesterday's light was a forerunner of the rising of the Great Light, and as it were a kind of rejoicing in preparation for the Festival; but today we are celebrating the Resurrection itself, no longer as an object of expectation, but as having already come to pass, and gathering the whole world unto itself. Let then different persons bring forth different fruits and offer different offerings at this season, smaller or greater…such spiritual offerings as are dear to God…as each may have power. For scarcely Angels themselves could offer gifts worthy of its rank, those first and intellectual and pure beings, who are also eye-witnesses of the Glory That is on high; if even these can attain the full strain of praise. We will for our part offer a discourse, the best and most precious thing we have — especially as we are praising the Word for the blessing which He has bestowed on the reasoning creation. I will begin from this point. For I cannot endure, when I am engaged in offering the sacrifice of the lips concerning the Great Sacrifice and the greatest of days, to fail to recur to God, and to take my beginning from Him. Therefore I pray you, cleanse your mind and ears and thoughts, all you who delight in such subjects, since the discourse will be concerning God, and will be divine; that you may depart filled with delights of a sort that do not pass away into nothingness. And it shall be at once very full and very concise, so as neither to distress you by its deficiencies, nor to displease you by satiety.

God always was and always is, and always will be. Or rather, God always Is. For "Was" and "Will Be" are fragments of our time and of changeable nature. But He is Eternal Being, and this is the name He gives Himself when delivering the oracles to Moses on the mountain. For in Himself He sums up and contains all Being, having neither beginning in the past nor end in the future—like some great Sea of Being, limitless and unbounded, transcending all conception of time and nature. He is only faintly sketched by the mind, and even that very dimly and partially—not by His essential nature but by His surrounding effects. One image is drawn from one source and another from another source, and these are combined into some sort of presentation of the truth. Yet this escapes us before we have grasped it and takes flight before we have conceived it, blazing forth upon our governing faculty (even when that faculty is cleansed) as a lightning flash that will not stay its course blazes upon our sight. This happens, as I understand it, so that the part of Him we can comprehend may draw us to Himself (for what is altogether incomprehensible lies outside the bounds of hope and beyond the reach of effort), and so that the part of Him we cannot comprehend may stir our wonder. As an object of wonder He becomes more an object of desire; being desired, He purifies us; and by purifying us He makes us like God. Thus, when we have become like Him, God may—to use a bold expression—hold converse with us as God, being united to us and known by us, and perhaps to the same extent as He already knows those who are known to Him. The divine physis, then, is boundless and hard to understand, and all that we can comprehend of Him is His boundlessness—even though one might think that because He is of a simple nature He must be either wholly incomprehensible or perfectly comprehensible. For let us further examine what is meant by "is of a simple nature." For it is quite certain that this simplicity is not itself His nature, just as composition is not by itself the essence of compound beings.

III. God always was and always is, and always will be; or rather, God always Is. For Was and Will Be are fragments of our time, and of changeable nature. But He is Eternal Being; and this is the Name He gives Himself when giving the Oracles to Moses in the Mount. For in Himself He sums up and contains all Being, having neither beginning in the past nor end in the future…like some great Sea of Being, limitless and unbounded, transcending all conception of time and nature, only adumbrated by the mind, and that very dimly and scantily…not by His Essentials but by His Environment, one image being got from one source and another from another, and combined into some sort of presentation of the truth, which escapes us before we have caught it, and which takes to flight before we have conceived it, blazing forth upon our master-part, even when that is cleansed, as the lightning flash which will not stay its course does upon our sight…in order, as I conceive, by that part of it which we can comprehend to draw us to itself (for that which is altogether incomprehensible is outside the bounds of hope, and not within the compass of endeavour); and by that part of It which we cannot comprehend to move our wonder; and as an object of wonder to become more an object of desire; and being desired, to purify; and purifying to make us like God; so that, when we have become like Himself, God may, to use a bold expression, hold converse with us as God; being united to us, and known by us; and that perhaps to the same extent as He already knows those who are known to Him. The Divine Nature, then, is boundless and hard to understand, and all that we can comprehend of Him is His boundlessness; even though one may conceive that because He is of a simple Nature He is therefore either wholly incomprehensible or perfectly comprehensible. For let us farther enquire what is implied by is of a simple Nature? For it is quite certain that this simplicity is not itself its nature, just as composition is not by itself the essence of compound beings.

4. When we think about infinity from two perspectives—beginning and end (since what lies beyond these and is not limited by them is infinity)—the mind, looking upward into the depths above and having no place to stand, relies on visible things to form an idea of God. It calls the infinite and unapproachable reality it finds there by the name Unoriginate. When it looks downward into the depth below and toward the future, it calls Him Undying and Imperishable. When it draws a conclusion from the whole, it calls Him Eternal. For eternity is neither time nor part of time, since it cannot be measured. But what time measured by the sun's course is to us, that eternity is to the Everlasting—namely, a kind of time-like movement and span that extends alongside Their existence. This, however, is all I must say about God for now, since the present is not a suitable time for this, as my current subject is not the doctrine of God but the Incarnation. And when I say God, I mean Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. For Godhead is neither spread out beyond These so as to introduce a crowd of gods, nor confined to a smaller scope than These so as to condemn us for an impoverished conception of Deity—either Judaizing to preserve the Monarchia, or falling into paganism through a multitude of gods. For the error on either side is the same, though found in opposite directions. Thus, then, is the Holy of Holies, which is hidden even from the Seraphim and is glorified with a thrice-repeated Holy converging in one ascription of the title Lord and God, as one of our predecessors has most beautifully and sublimely explained.

IV. And when Infinity is considered from two points of view, beginning and end (for that which is beyond these and not limited by them is Infinity), when the mind looks into the depths above, not having where to stand, and leans upon phænomena to form an idea of God it calls the Infinite and Unapproachable which it finds there by the name of Unoriginate. And when it looks into the depth below and at the future, it calls Him Undying and Imperishable. And when it draws a conclusion from the whole, it calls Him Eternal. For Eternity is neither time nor part of time; for it cannot be measured. But what time measured by the course of the sun is to us, that Eternity is to the Everlasting; namely a sort of timelike movement and interval, coextensive with Their Existence. This however is all that I must now say of God; for the present is not a suitable time, as my present subject is not the doctrine of God, but that of the Incarnation. And when I say God, I mean Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; for Godhead is neither diffused beyond These, so as to introduce a mob of gods, nor yet bounded by a smaller compass than These, so as to condemn us for a poverty stricken conception of Deity, either Judaizing to save the Monarchia, or falling into heathenism by the multitude of our gods. For the evil on either side is the same, though found in contrary directions. Thus then is the Holy of Holies, Which is hidden even from the Seraphim, and is glorified with a thrice-repeated Holy meeting in one ascription of the title Lord and God, as one of our predecessors has most beautifully and loftily reasoned out.

But since this movement of self-contemplation alone could not satisfy Goodness, and since Good must be poured out and extend beyond itself to multiply the objects of its kindness (for this was essential to the highest Goodness), He first conceived the Angelic and Heavenly Powers. And this conception was a work accomplished by His Word and perfected by His Spirit. And so the Secondary Splendors came into being, as the ministers of the Primary Splendor (whether we are to understand them as intelligent Spirits, or as Fire of an immaterial and incorporeal kind, or as some other nature as close to this as possible). I would like to say that they are incapable of movement in the direction of evil, and susceptible only to movement toward good, since they are near God and illuminated with the first Rays from God (for earthly beings receive only the second illumination). But I am forced to stop short of saying they are immovable, and must instead conceive and speak of them as only difficult to move, because of him who for his Splendor was called Lucifer, but became and is called Darkness through his pride, and the Apostate hosts who are subject to him, creators of evil by their revolt against good, and our inciters.

V. But since this movement of Self- contemplation alone could not satisfy Goodness, but Good must be poured out and go forth beyond Itself, to multiply the objects of Its beneficence (for this was essential to the highest Goodness), He first conceived the Angelic and Heavenly Powers. And this conception was a work fulfilled by His Word and perfected by His Spirit. And so the Secondary Splendours came into being, as the ministers of the Primary Splendour (whether we are to conceive of them as intelligent Spirits, or as Fire of an immaterial and incorporeal kind, or as some other nature approaching this as near as may be). I should like to say that they are incapable of movement in the direction of evil, and susceptible only of the movement of good, as being about God and illuminated with the first Rays from God (for earthly beings have but the second illumination), but I am obliged to stop short of saying that they are immovable, and to conceive and speak of them as only difficult to move, because of him who for His Splendour was called Lucifer, but became and is called Darkness through his pride; and the Apostate Hosts who are subject to him, creators of evil by their revolt against good, and our inciters.

Thus, for these reasons, He brought into being the world of thought, as far as I can reason about these matters and discuss great things in my own poor language. Then, when His first creation was in good order, He conceives a second world, material and visible. This is a system of earth and sky and all that exists between them—an admirable creation indeed when we look at the beautiful form of every part, but even more worthy of admiration when we consider the harmony and unity of the whole, and how each part fits with every other in beautiful order, and all with the whole, moving toward the perfect completion of the world as a single unit. This was to show that He could call into being not only a physis akin to Himself, but also one altogether alien to Him. For akin to the divine nature are those beings which are intellectual and can only be grasped by the mind. But all things that the senses can perceive are utterly alien to it, and the furthest removed from it are all those things that are entirely without soul and the power of motion.

VI. Thus then and for these reasons, He gave being to the world of thought, as far as I can reason on these matters, and estimate great things in my own poor language. Then, when His first Creation was in good order, He conceives a second world, material and visible; and this a system of earth and sky and all that is in the midst of them; an admirable creation indeed when we look at the fair form of every part, but yet more worthy of admiration when we consider the harmony and unison of the whole, and how each part fits in with every other in fair order, and all with the whole, tending to the perfect completion of the world as a Unit. This was to show that He could call into being not only a nature akin to Himself, but also one altogether alien to Him. For akin to Deity are those natures which are intellectual, and only to be comprehended by mind; but all of which sense can take cognizance are utterly alien to It; and of these the furthest removed from it are all those which are entirely destitute of soul and power of motion.

Mind and sense, having been distinguished from each other in this way, remained within their own boundaries and bore in themselves the magnificence of the Creator-Word, serving as silent praisers and thrilling heralds of His mighty work. There was not yet any mingling of both, nor any mixture of these opposites—which would be tokens of a greater wisdom and generosity in the creation of natures—nor had the whole riches of goodness yet been made known. Now the Creator-Word, deciding to demonstrate this and to produce a single living being out of both the invisible and the visible creation, fashions Man. Taking a body from already existing matter and placing in it a Breath taken from Himself (which the Word knew to be an intelligent soul and the image of God), He placed him on the earth as a sort of second world, great in littleness—a new Angel, a mingled worshipper, fully initiated into the visible creation but only partially into the intellectual. Man is king of all upon earth but subject to the King above; earthly and heavenly; temporal and yet immortal; visible and yet intellectual; halfway between greatness and lowliness; in one person combining spirit and flesh. He is spirit because of the favor bestowed on him, flesh on account of the height to which he had been raised. He is the one so that he might continue to live and glorify his benefactor, the other so that he might suffer, and by suffering be reminded and be corrected if he becomes proud in his greatness. He is a living creature trained here and then moved elsewhere, and to complete the mystery, deified by his inclination to God—for to this, I think, tends that light of Truth which here we possess only in measure: that we should both see and experience the Splendor of God, which is worthy of Him Who made us and will dissolve us and remake us after a loftier fashion.

VII. Mind then and sense, thus distinguished from each other, had remained within their own boundaries, and bore in themselves the magnificence of the Creator-Word, silent praisers and thrilling heralds of His mighty work. Not yet was there any mingling of both, nor any mixture of these opposites, tokens of a greater wisdom and generosity in the creation of natures; nor as yet were the whole riches of goodness made known. Now the Creator-Word, determining to exhibit this, and to produce a single living being out of both (the invisible and the visible creation, I mean) fashions Man; and taking a body from already existing matter, and placing in it a Breath taken from Himself (which the Word knew to be an intelligent soul, and the image of God), as a sort of second world, great in littleness, He placed him on the earth, a new Angel, a mingled worshipper, fully initiated into the visible creation, but only partially into the intellectual; king of all upon earth, but subject to the King above; earthly and heavenly; temporal and yet immortal; visible and yet intellectual; halfway between greatness and lowliness; in one person combining spirit and flesh; spirit because of the favour bestowed on him, flesh on account of the height to which he had been raised; the one that he might continue to live and glorify his benefactor, the other that he might suffer, and by suffering be put in remembrance, and be corrected if he became proud in his greatness; a living creature, trained here and then moved elsewhere; and to complete the mystery, deified by its inclination to God…for to this, I think, tends that light of Truth which here we possess but in measure; that we should both see and experience the Splendour of God, which is worthy of Him Who made us, and will dissolve us, and remake us after a loftier fashion.

8. God placed this being in paradise—whatever that paradise may have been. He honored him with the gift of free will so that goodness might belong to him through his own choice, just as much as it belonged to the One who had planted its seeds in him. God set him there to cultivate the immortal plants, which perhaps means the divine concepts, both the simpler and the more advanced ones. He was naked in his simplicity and natural life, without any covering or screen, for it was fitting that the one who existed from the beginning should be like this. God gave him a law as material for his free will to work with. This law was a commandment about which plants he could eat from and which one he must not touch. The latter was the Tree of Knowledge. However, it was not evil from the beginning when it was planted, nor did God forbid it because he begrudged it to humanity—let the enemies of God not wag their tongues in that direction or imitate the serpent. Rather, it would have been good if eaten at the proper time. For the tree was, according to my understanding, Contemplation, which is safe only for those who have reached maturity of character to engage in, but is not good for those who are still simple and greedy—just as solid food is not good for those who are still tender and need milk. But when, through the devil's malice and the woman's caprice (to which she yielded as the more tender, and which she used to influence the man, since she was more persuasive)—alas for my weakness, for my first father's weakness was mine—he forgot the commandment given to him and yielded to the destructive fruit. For his sin he was immediately banished from the tree of life, from paradise, and from God, and he put on coats of skins, which is perhaps the coarser flesh, both mortal and contradictory. This was the first thing he learned—his own shame—and he hid himself from God. Yet even here he gains something, namely death and the cutting off of sin, so that evil would not be immortal. Thus his punishment is transformed into a mercy, for I am convinced that God inflicts punishment in mercy.

VIII. This being He placed in paradise — whatever that paradise may have been (having honoured him with the gift of free will, in order that good might belong to him as the result of his choice, no less than to Him Who had implanted the seeds of it)– to till the immortal plants, by which is perhaps meant the Divine conceptions, both the simpler and the more perfect; naked in his simplicity and inartificial life; and without any covering or screen; for it was fitting that he who was from the beginning should be such. And He gave Him a Law, as material for his free will to act upon. This Law was a commandment as to what plants he might partake of, and which one he might not touch. This latter was the Tree of Knowledge; not, however, because it was evil from the beginning when planted; nor was it forbidden because God grudged it to men — let not the enemies of God wag their tongues in that direction, or imitate the serpent. But it would have been good if partaken of at the proper time; for the Tree was, according to my theory, Contemplation, which it is only safe for those who have reached maturity of habit to enter upon; but which is not good for those who are still somewhat simple and greedy; just as neither is solid food good for those who are yet tender and have need of milk. But when through the devil's malice and the woman's caprice, Wisdom 2:24 to which she succumbed as the more tender, and which she brought to bear upon the man, as she was the more apt to persuade — alas for my weakness, for that of my first father was mine; he forgot the commandment which had been given him, and yielded to the baleful fruit; and for his sin was banished at once from the tree of life, and from paradise, and from God; and put on the coats of skins, that is, perhaps, the coarser flesh, both mortal and contradictory. And this was the first thing which he learned — his own shame — and he hid himself from God. Yet here too he makes a gain, namely death and the cutting off of sin, in order that evil may not be immortal. Thus, his punishment is changed into a mercy, for it is in mercy, I am persuaded, that God inflicts punishment.

9. And having first been disciplined by many means because his sins were many—whose root of evil sprang up through various causes and at different times—by word, by law, by prophets, by benefits, by threats, by plagues, by waters, by fires, by wars, by victories, by defeats, by signs in heaven and signs in the air and in the earth and in the sea, by unexpected changes of men, of cities, of nations (the purpose of which was the destruction of wickedness)—at last he needed a stronger remedy, for his diseases were growing worse: mutual slaughters, adulteries, perjuries, unnatural crimes, and that first and last of all evils, idolatry and the transfer of worship from the Creator to the creatures. Since these required a greater aid, they also obtained a greater one. And that was that the Word of God Himself, Who is before all worlds, the Invisible, the Incomprehensible, the Bodiless, the Beginning of beginning, the Light of Light, the Source of Life and Immortality, the Image of the Archetype, the Immovable Seal, the Unchangeable Image, the Father's Definition and Word, came to His own Image and took on Himself flesh for the sake of our flesh, and mingled Himself with an intelligent soul for my soul's sake, purifying like by like; and in all points except sin was made Man, conceived by the Virgin, who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Spirit, for it was necessary both that childbearing should be honored and that virginity should receive a higher honor. He came forth then, as God, with that which He had assumed: one Person in two natures, flesh and Spirit, of which the latter deified the former. O new commingling! O strange conjunction! The Self-existent comes into being, the Uncreated is created, That which cannot be contained is contained by the intervention of an intelligent soul mediating between the Deity and the corporeity of the flesh. And He who gives riches becomes poor, for He assumes the poverty of my flesh so that I may assume the riches of His Godhead. He that is full empties Himself, for He empties Himself of His Glory for a short while so that I may have a share in His Fullness. What is the riches of His Goodness? What is this mystery that is around me? I had a share in the Image and I did not keep it; He partakes of my flesh so that He may both save the Image and make the flesh immortal. He communicates a Second Communion, far more marvelous than the first, inasmuch as then He imparted the better nature, but now He Himself assumes the worse. This is more godlike than the former action; this is loftier in the eyes of all people of understanding.

IX. And having first been chastened by many means because his sins were many, whose root of evil sprang up through various causes and sundry times, by word, by law, by prophets, by benefits, by threats, by plagues, by waters, by fires, by wars, by victories, by defeats, by signs in heaven, and signs in the air, and in the earth, and in the sea; by unexpected changes of men, of cities, of nations (the object of which was the destruction of wickedness) at last he needed a stronger remedy, for his diseases were growing worse; mutual slaughters, adulteries, perjuries, unnatural crimes, and that first and last of all evils, idolatry, and the transfer of worship from the Creator to the creatures. As these required a greater aid, so they also obtained a greater. And that was that the Word of God Himself, Who is before all worlds, the Invisible, the Incomprehensible, the Bodiless, the Beginning of beginning, the Light of Light, the Source of Life and Immortality, the Image of the Archetype, the Immovable Seal, the Unchangeable Image, the Father's Definition and Word, came to His own Image, and took on Him Flesh for the sake of our flesh, and mingled Himself with an intelligent soul for my soul's sake, purifying like by like; and in all points except sin was made Man; conceived by the Virgin, who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Ghost, for it was needful both That Child-bearing should be honoured and that Virginity should receive a higher honour. He came forth then, as God, with That which He had assumed; one Person in two natures, flesh and Spirit, of which the latter deified the former. O new commingling; O strange conjunction! The Self-existent comes into Being, the Uncreated is created, That which cannot be contained is contained by the intervention of an intellectual soul mediating between the Deity and the corporeity of the flesh. And He who gives riches becomes poor; for He assumes the poverty of my flesh, that I may assume the riches of His Godhead. He that is full empties Himself; for He empties Himself of His Glory for a short while, that I may have a share in His Fulness. What is the riches of His Goodness? What is this mystery that is around me? I had a share in the Image and I did not keep it; He partakes of my flesh that He may both save the Image and make the flesh immortal. He communicates a Second Communion, far more marvellous than the first, inasmuch as then He imparted the better nature, but now He Himself assumes the worse. This is more godlike than the former action; this is loftier in the eyes of all men of understanding.

But perhaps someone who is too hasty and eager for celebration may say, What does all this have to do with us? Get to the point; talk to us about the Festival and the reasons we have gathered here today. Yes, that is exactly what I am about to do, though I have begun at an earlier point because my argument required it. It will be no harm in the eyes of scholars and lovers of beauty if we say a few words about the word Pascha itself, for such a discussion will not be useless to their ears. This great and venerable Pascha is called Phaska by the Hebrews in their own language, and the word means Passing Over. Historically, it refers to their flight and migration from Egypt into the Land of Canaan; spiritually, it refers to the progress and ascent from earthly things to heavenly things and to the Land of Promise. And we see that something which often happens in Scripture has happened in this case: the change of certain words from an unclear meaning to a clearer one, or from a cruder form to a more refined one. For some people, thinking this was a name for the Sacred Passion, and therefore making the word more Greek by changing Phi and Kappa into Pi and Chi, called the Day Pascha. And custom adopted this usage and established the word, with the help of most people's ears, to whom it sounded more reverent.

X. But perhaps some one of those who are too impetuous and festive may say, What has all this to do with us? Spur on your horse to the goal; talk to us about the Festival and the reasons for our being here today. Yes, this is what I am about to do, although I have begun at a somewhat previous point, being compelled to do so by the needs of my argument. There will be no harm in the eyes of scholars and lovers of the beautiful if we say a few words about the word Pascha itself, for such an addition will not be useless in their ears. This great and venerable Pascha is called Phaska by the Hebrews in their own language; and the word means Passing Over. Historically, from their flight and migration from Egypt into the Land of Canaan; spiritually, from the progress and ascent from things below to things above and to the Land of Promise. And we observe that a thing which we often find to have happened in Scripture, the change of certain nouns from an uncertain to a clearer sense, or from a coarser to a more refined, has taken place in this instance. For some people, supposing this to be a name of the Sacred Passion, and in consequence Grecizing the word by changing Phi and Kappa into Pi and Chi, called the Day Pascha. And custom took it up and confirmed the word, with the help of the ears of most people, to whom it had a more pious sound.

But before our time, the Holy Apostle declared that the Law was only a shadow of things to come, which are understood by thought. And God too, who in still older times gave oracles to Moses, said when giving laws concerning these things, "See that you make all things according to the pattern shown to you in the Mount," when He showed him the visible things as a sketch and design for the things that are invisible. And I am convinced that none of these things has been ordered without purpose, none without a reason, none in a base manner or unworthy of the legislation of God and the ministry of Moses, even though it may be difficult in each type to find an explanation that goes down to the most delicate details, to every point about the Tabernacle itself, and its measurements and materials, and the Levites and Priests who carried them, and all the particulars that were enacted about the Sacrifices and the purifications and the Offerings; and though these are only to be understood by those who rank with Moses in virtue, or have come closest to his learning. For on that Mount itself God is seen by men; on the one hand through His own descent from His lofty dwelling place, on the other through His drawing us up from our lowliness on earth, so that the Incomprehensible may be in some degree, and as far as is safe, comprehended by a mortal nature. For in no other way is it possible for the thickness of a material body and an imprisoned mind to come into awareness of God, except by His assistance. Therefore not all men seem to have been considered worthy of the same rank and position; but one of one place and one of another, each, I think, according to the measure of his own purification. Some have even been altogether driven away, and only permitted to hear the Voice from on high, namely those whose dispositions are altogether like wild beasts, and who are unworthy of divine mysteries.

XI. But before our time the Holy Apostle declared that the Law was but a shadow of things to come, Hebrews 10:1 which are conceived by thought. And God too, who in still older times gave oracles to Moses, said when giving laws concerning these things, See thou make all things according to the pattern showed you in the Mount, Exodus 25:40 when He showed him the visible things as an adumbration of and design for the things that are invisible. And I am persuaded that none of these things has been ordered in vain, none without a reason, none in a grovelling manner or unworthy of the legislation of God and the ministry of Moses, even though it be difficult in each type to find a theory descending to the most delicate details, to every point about the Tabernacle itself, and its measures and materials, and the Levites and Priests who carried them, and all the particulars which were enacted about the Sacrifices and the purifications and the Offerings; and though these are only to be understood by those who rank with Moses in virtue, or have made the nearest approach to his learning. For in that Mount itself God is seen by men; on the one hand through His own descent from His lofty abode, on the other through His drawing us up from our abasement on earth, that the Incomprehensible may be in some degree, and as far as is safe, comprehended by a mortal nature. For in no other way is it possible for the denseness of a material body and an imprisoned mind to come into consciousness of God, except by His assistance. Then therefore all men do not seem to have been deemed worthy of the same rank and position; but one of one place and one of another, each, I think, according to the measure of his own purification. Some have even been altogether driven away, and only permitted to hear the Voice from on high, namely those whose dispositions are altogether like wild beasts, and who are unworthy of divine mysteries.

12. But we stand in the middle between those whose minds are completely dull on one side, and on the other those who are highly contemplative and elevated. We do this so that we neither remain completely idle and motionless, nor become overly active and fall short of our goal or become alienated from it. The first approach is Jewish and very base, while the second is only suitable for interpreters of dreams, and both should be condemned. Let us speak about these matters as much as is within our ability, and not in a way that is very absurd or exposed to ridicule by the crowd. We believe that since it was necessary that we, who had fallen because of the original sin and had been led astray by pleasure even to the point of idolatry and unlawful killing, should be called back and raised up again to our original position through the tender mercy of God our Father, who could not bear that such a noble work of his own hands as humankind should be lost to him—the method of our new creation and of what should be done was this: all violent remedies were rejected as unlikely to persuade us and as quite possibly tending to worsen the disease through our chronic pride. Instead, God arranged things for our restoration by a gentle and kindly method of healing. For a crooked young tree will not endure a sudden bending in the opposite direction or force from the hand trying to straighten it, but will break more quickly than it will straighten, and a spirited horse beyond a certain age will not endure the harshness of the bit without some coaxing and encouragement. Therefore the Law is given to us as an assistance, like a boundary wall between God and idols, drawing us away from the one and toward the other. It makes small concessions at first so that it may obtain what is greater. It permits the sacrifices temporarily so that it may establish God in us, and then when the appropriate time comes it may abolish the sacrifices as well. In this way it wisely changes our disposition through gradual steps, bringing us over to the Gospel when we have already been trained to ready obedience.

XII. But we, standing midway between those whose minds are utterly dense on the one side, and on the other those who are very contemplative and exalted, that we may neither remain quite idle and immovable, nor yet be more busy than we ought, and fall short of and be estranged from our purpose — for the former course is Jewish and very low, and the latter is only fit for the dream-soothsayer, and both alike are to be condemned — let us say our say upon these matters, so far as is within our reach, and not very absurd, or exposed to the ridicule of the multitude. Our belief is that since it was needful that we, who had fallen in consequence of the original sin, and had been led away by pleasure, even as far as idolatry and unlawful bloodshed, should be recalled and raised up again to our original position through the tender mercy of God our Father, Who could not endure that such a noble work of His own hands as Man should be lost to Him; the method of our new creation, and of what should be done, was this:– that all violent remedies were disapproved, as not likely to persuade us, and as quite possibly tending to add to the plague, through our chronic pride; but that God disposed things to our restoration by a gentle and kindly method of cure. For a crooked sapling will not bear a sudden bending the other way, or violence from the hand that would straighten it, but will be more quickly broken than straightened; and a horse of a hot temper and above a certain age will not endure the tyranny of the bit without some coaxing and encouragement. Therefore the Law is given to us as an assistance, like a boundary wall between God and idols, drawing us away from one and to the Other. And it concedes a little at first, that it may receive that which is greater. It concedes the Sacrifices for a time, that it may establish God in us, and then when the fitting time shall come may abolish the Sacrifices also; thus wisely changing our minds by gradual removals, and bringing us over to the Gospel when we have already been trained to a prompt obedience.

Thus the written Law came in for this reason and in this way, gathering us into Christ. This is how I understand the Sacrifices. So that you may not be ignorant of the depth of His Wisdom and the riches of His unsearchable judgments, He did not leave even these entirely unholy, or useless, or containing nothing but mere blood. Instead, that great Victim—which, if I may say so, in Its first nature (physis) could not be sacrificed—was intermingled with the Sacrifices of the Law, and served as a purification not for a part of the world, nor for a short time, but for the whole world and for all time. For this reason a Lamb was chosen for its innocence, and for its covering of the original nakedness. For such is the Victim that was offered for us, Who is both in Name and in fact the Garment of incorruption. And He was a perfect Victim not only because of His Godhead, than which nothing is more perfect, but also because of that which He assumed, having been anointed with Deity and having become one with That which anointed It—and I am bold to say, made equal with God. A Male, because offered for Adam; or rather the Stronger for the strong, when the first Man had fallen under sin; and especially because there is nothing feminine in Him, nothing unmanly. He burst from the bonds of the Virgin-Mother's womb with great power, and a Male was brought forth by the Prophetess, as Isaiah declares the good news. And of a year old, because He is the Sun of Righteousness setting out from heaven, circumscribed by His visible Nature, and returning to Himself—the blessed crown of Goodness, being on every side equal to Himself and alike. And not only this, but also as giving life to the whole circle of the virtues, gently commingled and intermixed with each other, according to the Law of Love and Order. And Immaculate and guileless, as being the Healer of faults and of the defects and taints that come from sin. For though He both took on Him our sins and bore our diseases, yet He did not Himself suffer anything that needed healing. For He was tempted in all points just as we are, yet without sin. For he who persecuted the Light that shines in darkness could not overtake Him.

XIII. Thus then and for this cause the written Law came in, gathering us into Christ; and this is the account of the Sacrifices as I account for them. And that you may not be ignorant of the depth of His Wisdom and the riches of His unsearchable judgments, Romans 11:33 He did not leave even these unhallowed altogether, or useless, or with nothing in them but mere blood. But that great, and if I may say so, in Its first nature unsacrificeable Victim, was intermingled with the Sacrifices of the Law, and was a purification, not for a part of the world, nor for a short time, but for the whole world and for all time. For this reason a Lamb was chosen for its innocence, and its clothing of the original nakedness. For such is the Victim, That was offered for us, Who is both in Name and fact the Garment of incorruption. And He was a perfect Victim not only on account of His Godhead, than which nothing is more perfect; but also on account of that which He assumed having been anointed with Deity, and having become one with That which anointed It, and I am bold to say, made equal with God. A Male, because offered for Adam; or rather the Stronger for the strong, when the first Man had fallen under sin; and chiefly because there is in Him nothing feminine, nothing unmanly; but He burst from the bonds of the Virgin-Mother's womb with much power, and a Male was brought forth by the Prophetess, Isaiah 13:3 as Isaiah declares the good tidings. And of a year old, because He is the Sun of Righteousness Malachi 4:2 setting out from heaven, and circumscribed by His visible Nature, and returning unto Himself. And The blessed crown of Goodness, — being on every side equal to Himself and alike; and not only this, but also as giving life to all the circle of the virtues, gently commingled and intermixed with each other, according to the Law of Love and Order. And Immaculate and guileless, as being the Healer of faults, and of the defects and taints that come from sin. For though He both took on Him our sins and bare our diseases, Isaiah 53:4 yet He did not Himself suffer anything that needed healing. For He was tempted in all points like as we are yet without sin. Hebrews 4:15 For he that persecuted the Light that shines in darkness could not overtake Him.

What more? The First Month is introduced, or rather the beginning of months, whether it was so among the Hebrews from the start, or was made so later for this reason, and became first because of the Mystery. And the tenth of the Month, for this is the most complete number, the first perfect unit among units, and the source of perfection. And it is kept until the fifth day, perhaps because the Victim I am speaking of purifies the five senses, from which falling into sin comes, and around which the war rages, since they are open to temptations to sin. And it was chosen not only from the lambs, but also from the lesser species, which are placed on the left hand—the goats—because He is sacrificed not only for the righteous, but also for sinners. And perhaps even more for these, since we have greater need of His mercy. And we should not be surprised that a lamb for a household is required as the best option, but if that is not possible, then one might be obtained by pooling resources (due to poverty) for the households of a family. This is because it is clearly best that each individual should be sufficient for his own perfecting, and should offer his own living sacrifice holy to God Who called him, being consecrated at all times and in every respect. But if that cannot be, then those who are related in virtue and of similar disposition should be called upon as helpers. For I think this provision means that we should share the Sacrifice with those who are nearest, if there is need.

XIV. What more? The First Month is introduced, or rather the beginning of months, whether it was so among the Hebrews from the beginning, or was made so later on this account, and became the first in consequence of the Mystery; and the tenth of the Month, for this is the most complete number, of units the first perfect unit, and the parent of perfection. And it is kept until the fifth day, perhaps because the Victim, of Whom I am speaking, purifies the five senses, from which comes falling into sin, and around which the war rages, inasmuch as they are open to the incitements to sin. And it was chosen, not only out of the lambs, but also out of the inferior species, which are placed on the left hand Matthew 25:33 — the kids; because He is sacrificed not only for the righteous, but also for sinners; and perhaps even more for these, inasmuch as we have greater need of His mercy. And we need not be surprised that a lamb for a house should be required as the best course, but if that could not be, then one might be obtained by contributions (owing to poverty) for the houses of a family; because it is clearly best that each individual should suffice for his own perfecting, and should offer his own living sacrifice holy unto God Who called him, being consecrated at all times and in every respect. But if that cannot be, then that those who are akin in virtue and of like disposition should be made use of as helpers. For I think this provision means that we should communicate of the Sacrifice to those who are nearest, if there be need.

Then comes the Sacred Night, the anniversary of the confused darkness of our present life, in which the primeval darkness is dissolved, and all things come into life and rank and form, and what was chaos is reduced to order. Then we flee from Egypt—that is, from gloomy persecuting sin—and from Pharaoh the unseen tyrant and the bitter taskmasters, moving our dwelling to the world above. We are delivered from the clay and the brickmaking, and from the husks and dangers of this fleshly condition, which for most people is barely overcome by mere husklike calculations. Then the Lamb is slain, and act and word are sealed with the Precious Blood—that is, habit and action, the sideposts of our doors. I mean, of course, of the movements of mind and opinion, which are rightly opened and closed by contemplation, since there is a limit even to thoughts. Then comes the last and most serious plague upon the persecutors, truly worthy of the night, and Egypt mourns the first-born of her own reasonings and actions, which are also called in Scripture the Seed of the Chaldeans, removed, and the children of Babylon dashed against the rocks and destroyed. The whole air is full of the cry and clamor of the Egyptians, and then the Destroyer of them will withdraw from us in reverence of the Unction. Then comes the removal of leaven—that is, of the old and sour wickedness, not of that which is quickening and makes bread—for seven days, a number which is most mystical and corresponds with this present world, so that we may not lay in provision of any Egyptian dough or relic of Pharisaic or ungodly teaching.

XV. Then comes the Sacred Night, the Anniversary of the confused darkness of the present life, into which the primæval darkness is dissolved, and all things come into life and rank and form, and that which was chaos is reduced to order. Then we flee from Egypt, that is from sullen persecuting sin; and from Pharaoh the unseen tyrant, and the bitter taskmasters, changing our quarters to the world above; and are delivered from the clay and the brickmaking, and from the husks and dangers of this fleshly condition, which for most men is only not overpowered by mere husklike calculations. Then the Lamb is slain, and act and word are sealed with the Precious Blood; that is, habit and action, the sideposts of our doors; I mean, of course, of the movements of mind and opinion, which are rightly opened and closed by contemplation, since there is a limit even to thoughts. Then the last and gravest plague upon the persecutors, truly worthy of the night; and Egypt mourns the first-born of her own reasonings and actions which are also called in the Scripture the Seed of the Chaldeans Judith 5:6 removed, and the children of Babylon dashed against the rocks and destroyed; and the whole air is full of the cry and clamour of the Egyptians; and then the Destroyer of them shall withdraw from us in reverence of the Unction. Then the removal of leaven; that is, of the old and sour wickedness, not of that which is quickening and makes bread; for seven days, a number which is of all the most mystical, and is co-ordinate with this present world, that we may not lay in provision of any Egyptian dough, or relic of Pharisaic or ungodly teaching.

Well, let them lament; we will feed on the Lamb toward evening—for Christ's Passion happened in the completion of the ages; and also He gave His disciples His Sacrament in the evening, destroying the darkness of sin. The Lamb must not be boiled, but roasted—so that our word may have in it nothing that is unconsidered or watery, or easily dismissed; but may be entirely consistent and solid, and free from all that is impure and from all vanity. And let us be aided by the good coals, kindling and purifying our minds from Him who comes to send fire on the earth, which shall destroy all evil habits, and to hasten its kindling. Whatever there is of solid and nourishing content in the Word shall be eaten with the inward parts and hidden things of the mind, and shall be consumed and given over to spiritual digestion; yes, from head to foot, that is, from the first contemplations of Godhead to the very last thoughts about the Incarnation. Neither let us carry any of it outside, nor leave it until the morning; because most of our Mysteries may not be carried out to those who are outside, nor is there beyond this night any further purification; and procrastination is not creditable to those who have a share in the Word. For just as it is good and pleasing to God not to let anger last through the day, but to get rid of it before sunset, whether you take this of time or in a mystical sense, for it is not safe for us that the Sun of Righteousness should go down upon our wrath; so too we ought not to let such Food remain all night, nor put it off until tomorrow. But whatever is of bony nature and not fit for food and hard for us even to understand, this must not be broken; that is, badly interpreted and misconceived (I need not say that in the history not a bone of Jesus was broken, even though His death was hastened by His crucifiers on account of the Sabbath); nor must it be stripped off and thrown away, lest that which is holy should be given to the dogs, that is, to the evil hearers of the Word; just as the glorious pearl of the Word is not to be cast before swine; but it shall be consumed with the fire with which the burnt offerings also are consumed, being refined and preserved by the Spirit who searches and knows all things, not destroyed in the waters, nor scattered abroad as the calf's head which was hastily made by Israel was by Moses, as a reproach for their hardness of heart.

XVI. Well, let them lament; we will feed on the Lamb toward evening — for Christ's Passion was in the completion of the ages; because too He communicated His Disciples in the evening with His Sacrament, destroying the darkness of sin; and not sodden, but roast — that our word may have in it nothing that is unconsidered or watery, or easily made away with; but may be entirely consistent and solid, and free from all that is impure and from all vanity. And let us be aided by the good coals, Isaiah 6:6 kindling and purifying our minds from Him That comes to send fire on the earth, Luke 12:49 that shall destroy all evil habits, and to hasten its kindling. Whatsoever then there be, of solid and nourishing in the Word, shall be eaten with the inward parts and hidden things of the mind, and shall be consumed and given up to spiritual digestion; aye, from head to foot, that is, from the first contemplations of Godhead to the very last thoughts about the Incarnation. Neither let us carry anything of it abroad, nor leave it till the morning; because most of our Mysteries may not be carried out to them that are outside, nor is there beyond this night any further purification; and procrastination is not creditable to those who have a share in the Word. For just as it is good and well-pleasing to God not to let anger last through the day, Ephesians 4:26 but to get rid of it before sunset, whether you take this of time or in a mystical sense, for it is not safe for us that the Sun of Righteousness should go down upon our wrath; so too we ought not to let such Food remain all night, nor to put it off till tomorrow. But whatever is of bony nature and not fit for food and hard for us even to understand, this must not be broken; that is, badly divined and misconceived (I need not say that in the history not a bone of Jesus was broken, even though His death was hastened by His crucifiers on account of the Sabbath); nor must it be stripped off and thrown away, lest that which is holy should be given to the dogs, Matthew 7:6 that is, to the evil hearers of the Word; just as the glorious pearl of the Word is not to be cast before swine; but it shall be consumed with the fire with which the burnt offerings also are consumed, being refined and preserved by the Spirit That searches and knows all things, not destroyed in the waters, nor scattered abroad as the calf's head which was hastily made by Israel was by Moses, Exodus 32:20 for a reproach for their hardness of heart.

We should not overlook the manner of this eating either, for the Law addresses this too, extending its mystical teaching even to this detail in the literal command. Let us consume the Victim in haste, eating It with unleavened bread, with bitter herbs, with our loins girded, our shoes on our feet, and leaning on staffs like old men. We eat in haste so that we do not fall into the fault forbidden to Lot by the commandment—that we not look around or linger in all that region, but escape to the mountain, lest we be overtaken by the strange fire of Sodom or be turned into a pillar of salt as a result of turning back to wickedness, for this is what delay produces. We eat with bitter herbs because a life lived according to God's will is bitter and difficult, especially for beginners, and is higher than pleasures. For although the new yoke is easy and the burden light, as you are told, this is because of the hope and the reward, which far outweighs the hardships of this life. If this were not so, who would not say that the Gospel is more full of toil and trouble than the commandments of the Law? For while the Law prohibits only the completed acts of sin, we are condemned even for the causes, almost as if they were acts themselves. The Law says, "You shall not commit adultery," but you may not even desire, kindling passion through curious and intent gazing. "You shall not kill," says the Law, but you are not even to strike back; instead, you must offer yourself to the one who strikes you. How much more demanding is the Gospel than the Law! "You shall not swear falsely" is the Law's command, but you are not to swear at all, whether a greater or lesser oath, for an oath is the parent of perjury. "You shall not join house to house, nor field to field, oppressing the poor," but you are to set aside willingly even your lawful possessions and be stripped for the sake of the poor, so that without encumbrance you may take up the Cross and be enriched with the unseen riches.

XVII. Nor would it be right for us to pass over the manner of this eating either, for the Law does not do so, but carries its mystical labour even to this point in the literal enactment. Let us consume the Victim in haste, eating It with unleavened bread, with bitter herbs, and with our loins girded, and our shoes on our feet, and leaning on staves like old men; with haste, that we fall not into that fault which was forbidden to Lot Genesis 19:17 by the commandment, that we look not around, nor stay in all that neighbourhood, but that we escape to the mountain, that we be not overtaken by the strange fire of Sodom, nor be congealed into a pillar of salt in consequence of our turning back to wickedness; for this is the result of delay. With bitter herbs, for a life according to the Will of God is bitter and arduous, especially to beginners, and higher than pleasures. For although the new yoke is easy and the burden light, Matthew 11:20 as you are told, yet this is on account of the hope and the reward, which is far more abundant than the hardships of this life. If it were not so, who would not say that the Gospel is more full of toil and trouble than the enactments of the Law? For, while the Law prohibits only the completed acts of sin, we are condemned for the causes also, almost as if they were acts. The Law says, You shall not commit adultery; but you may not even desire, kindling passion by curious and earnest looks. You shall not kill, says the Law; but you are not even to return a blow, but on the contrary are to offer yourself to the smiter. How much more ascetic is the Gospel than the Law! You shall not forswear yourself is the Law; but you are not to swear at all, either a greater or a lesser oath, for an oath is the parent of perjury. You shall not join house to house, nor field to field, oppressing the poor; Isaiah 5:8 but you are to set aside willingly even your just possessions, and to be stripped for the poor, that without encumbrance you may take up the Cross Mark 10:21 and be enriched with the unseen riches.

And let the loins of unreasoning animals be unbound and loose, since they lack the gift of reason that can overcome pleasure (though we need not say that even they know the limit of natural movement). But let that part of your being which is the seat of passion—which neighs, as Holy Scripture calls it when sweeping away this shameful passion—be restrained by a belt of self-control, so that you may eat the Passover purely, having put to death your members which are upon the earth, and imitating the belt of John, the hermit and forerunner and great herald of the truth. I know of another belt, the soldierly and manly one, from which the Euzoni of Syria and certain Monozoni take their name. It is concerning this too that God says in an oracle to Job, "No, but gird up your loins like a man, and give a manly answer." With this also holy David boasts that he is girded with strength from God, and speaks of God Himself as clothed with strength and girded about with power—against the ungodly, of course—though perhaps some may prefer to see in this a declaration of the abundance of His power and, as it were, its restraint, just as He also clothes Himself with light as with a garment. For who could endure His unrestrained power and light? Should I ask what the loins and truth have in common? What then is the meaning of St. Paul's expression, "Stand, therefore, having your loins girded about with truth"? Is it perhaps that contemplation is to restrain lust, and not allow it to be carried in another direction? For that which is inclined to love in a particular direction will not have the same power toward other pleasures.

XVIII. And let the loins of the unreasoning animals be unbound and loose, for they have not the gift of reason which can overcome pleasure (it is not needful to say that even they know the limit of natural movement). But let that part of your being which is the seat of passion, and which neighs, Jeremiah 5:8 as Holy Scripture calls it, when sweeping away this shameful passion, be restrained by a girdle of continence, so that you may eat the Passover purely, having mortified your members which are upon the earth, Colossians 3:5 and copying the girdle Matthew 3:4 of John, the Hermit and Forerunner and great Herald of the Truth. Another girdle I know, the soldierly and manly one, I mean, from which the Euzoni of Syria and certain Monozoni take their name. And it is in respect of this too that God says in an oracle to Job, Nay, but gird up your loins like a man, and give a manly answer. Job 38:3 With this also holy David boasts that he is girded with strength from God, and speaks of God Himself as clothed with strength and girded about with power — against the ungodly of course — though perhaps some may prefer to see in this a declaration of the abundance of His power, and, as it were, its restraint, just as also He clothes Himself with Light as with a garment. For who shall endure His unrestrained power and light? Do I enquire what there is common to the loins and to truth? What then is the meaning to St. Paul of the expression, Stand, therefore, having your loins girt about with truth? Ephesians 5:14 Is it perhaps that contemplation is to restrain concupiscence, and not to allow it to be carried in another direction? For that which is disposed to love in a particular direction will not have the same power towards other pleasures.

When someone is about to touch the Holy Land that God's feet have walked upon, let him remove his shoes, just as Moses did on the Mount, so that he may bring nothing dead there, nothing to come between man and God. Likewise, if any disciple is sent to preach the Gospel, let him go in a spirit of philosophical simplicity and without excess. Since he must go without money, without a staff, and with only one coat, he should also be barefoot, so that the feet of those who preach the Gospel of Peace and every other good thing may appear beautiful. But anyone who would flee from Egypt and the things of Egypt must put on shoes for safety's sake, especially because of the scorpions and snakes that Egypt has in abundance, so as not to be injured by those which watch the heel—which we are also commanded to trample underfoot. And concerning the staff and its meaning, my belief is as follows. There is one kind I know for leaning upon, and another which belongs to pastors and teachers, and which corrects human sheep. Now the Law prescribes to you the staff to lean upon, so that you may not break down in your mind when you hear of God's Blood, and His Passion, and His death, and so that you may not be carried away to heresy in your defense of God. Instead, without shame and without doubt, you may eat the Flesh and drink the Blood, if you desire true life, neither disbelieving His words about His Flesh nor being offended at those about His Passion. Lean upon this, and stand firm and strong, in nothing shaken by adversaries nor carried away by the plausibility of their arguments. Stand upon your High Place; in the Courts of Jerusalem place your feet; lean upon the Rock, so that your steps in God may not be shaken.

XIX. And as to shoes, let him who is about to touch the Holy Land which the feet of God have trodden, put them off, as Moses did upon the Mount, Exodus 3:5 that he may bring there nothing dead; nothing to come between Man and God. So too if any disciple is sent to preach the Gospel, let him go in a spirit of philosophy and without excess, inasmuch as he must, besides being without money and without staff and with but one coat, also be barefooted, Matthew 10:9 that the feet of those who preach the Gospel of Peace and every other good may appear beautiful. Isaiah 52:7 But he who would flee from Egypt and the things of Egypt must put on shoes for safety's sake, especially in regard to the scorpions and snakes in which Egypt so abounds, so as not to be injured by those which watch the heel Genesis 3:15 which also we are bidden to tread under foot. Luke 10:19 And concerning the staff and the signification of it, my belief is as follows. There is one I know to lean upon, and another which belongs to Pastors and Teachers, and which corrects human sheep. Now the Law prescribes to you the staff to lean upon, that you may not break down in your mind when you hear of God's Blood, and His Passion, and His death; and that you may not be carried away to heresy in your defense of God; but without shame and without doubt may eat the Flesh and drink the Blood, if you are desirous of true life, neither disbelieving His words about His Flesh, nor offended at those about His Passion. Lean upon this, and stand firm and strong, in nothing shaken by the adversaries nor carried away by the plausibility of their arguments. Stand upon your High Place; in the Courts of Jerusalem place your feet; lean upon the Rock, that your steps in God be not shaken.

What do I mean by this? God has decided that you should leave Egypt, that iron furnace, and abandon the idolatry of that land to be led by Moses and his rule of law and military leadership. I'm giving you advice that isn't originally mine—or rather, it very much is mine if you think about it spiritually. Borrow gold and silver vessels from the Egyptians. Take these with you on your journey and supply yourself for the road with goods from strangers, or rather with what is actually your own. Money is owed to you—the wages of your slavery and your brick-making. Be clever in demanding what you're owed. Be an honest thief. You suffered wrong there while you were working with clay (that is, this troublesome and filthy body) and building foreign and unsafe cities whose memory vanishes with a cry. So what then? Should you leave for nothing, without wages? Why would you leave to the Egyptians and to the powers of your enemies what they gained through wickedness and will spend with even greater wickedness? It doesn't belong to them. They stole it and sacrilegiously plundered it from the One who says, "The silver is Mine and the gold is Mine, and I give it to whom I will." Yesterday it was theirs because it was permitted to be so. Today the Master takes it and gives it to you so that you may make good and saving use of it. Let us make friends for ourselves from the mammon of unrighteousness, so that when we fail, they may receive us in the time of judgment.

XX. What do you say? Thus it has pleased Him that you should come forth out of Egypt, the iron furnace; that you should leave behind the idolatry of that country, and be led by Moses and his lawgiving and martial rule. I give you a piece of advice which is not my own, or rather which is very much my own, if you consider the matter spiritually. Borrow from the Egyptians vessels of gold and silver; Exodus 11:2 with these take your journey; supply yourself for the road with the goods of strangers, or rather with your own. There is money owing to you, the wages of your bondage and of your brickmaking; be clever on your side too in asking retribution; be an honest robber. You suffered wrong there while you were fighting with the clay (that is, this troublesome and filthy body) and wast building cities foreign and unsafe, whose memorial perishes with a cry. What then? Do you come out for nothing and without wages? But why will you leave to the Egyptians and to the powers of your adversaries that which they have gained by wickedness, and will spend with yet greater wickedness? It does not belong to them: they have ravished it, and have sacrilegiously taken it as plunder from Him who says, The silver is Mine and the gold is Mine, Haggai 2:8 and I give it to whom I will. Yesterday it was theirs, for it was permitted to be so; today the Master takes it and gives it to you, Matthew 20:14 that you may make a good and saving use of it. Let us make to ourselves friends of the Mammon of unrighteousness, Luke 16:9 that when we fail, they may receive us in the time of judgment.

If you are a Rachel or a Leah, a patriarchal and great soul, steal whatever idols of your father you can find—not to keep them, but to destroy them. And if you are a wise Israelite, remove them to the Land of Promise, and let the persecutor grieve over losing them and learn through being outwitted that it was pointless for him to tyrannize over and hold in bondage men better than himself. If you do this and come out of Egypt in this way, I know well that you will be guided by the pillar of fire and cloud by night and day. The wilderness will be tamed for you, and the sea divided. Pharaoh will be drowned, bread will be rained down, the rock will become a fountain, Amalek will be conquered—not by weapons alone, but by the hostile hand of the righteous forming both prayers and the invincible trophy of the Cross. The river will be cut off, the sun will stand still and the moon be restrained, walls will be overthrown even without siege engines, swarms of hornets will go before you to make a way for Israel and to hold the Gentiles in check, and all the other events told in the history after and alongside these (not to make a long story) will be given you by God. This is the feast you are keeping today, and in this manner I would have you celebrate both the birthday and the burial of Him who was born for you and suffered for you. This is the Mystery of the Passover, these are the mysteries sketched by the Law and fulfilled by Christ, the Abolisher of the letter, the Perfecter of the Spirit, who by His Passion taught us how to suffer, and by His glorification grants us to be glorified with Him.

XXI. If you are a Rachel or a Leah, a patriarchal and great soul, steal whatever idols of your father you can find; Genesis 31:19 not, however, that you may keep them, but that you may destroy them; and if you are a wise Israelite remove them to the Land of the Promise, and let the persecutor grieve over the loss of them, and learn through being outwitted that it was vain for him to tyrannize over and keep in bondage better men than himself. If you do this, and comest out of Egypt thus, I know well that you shall be guided by the pillar of fire and cloud by night and day. Exodus 13:20 The wilderness shall be tamed for you, and the Sea divided; Pharaoh shall be drowned; Exodus 14:28 bread shall be rained down: the rock shall become a fountain; Amalek shall be conquered, not with arms alone, but with the hostile hand of the righteous forming both prayers and the invincible trophy of the Cross; the River shall be cut off; the sun shall stand still; and the moon be restrained; Joshua 3:15-16 walls shall be overthrown even without engines; swarms of hornets shall go before you to make a way for Israel, and to hold the Gentiles in check; and all the other events which are told in the history after these and with these (not to make a long story) shall be given you of God. Such is the feast you are keeping today; and in this manner I would have you celebrate both the Birthday and the Burial of Him Who was born for you and suffered for you. Such is the Mystery of the Passover; such are the mysteries sketched by the Law and fulfilled by Christ, the Abolisher of the letter, the Perfecter of the Spirit, who by His Passion taught us how to suffer, and by His glorification grants us to be glorified with Him.

Now we must examine another fact and doctrine that most people neglect, but which I judge to be well worth investigating. To whom was that Blood offered that was shed for us, and why was it shed? I mean the precious and glorious Blood of our God and High Priest and Sacrifice. We were held captive in bondage by the Evil One, sold under sin, and receiving pleasure in exchange for wickedness. Now, since a ransom belongs only to the one who holds someone in bondage, I ask to whom was this ransom offered, and for what reason? If to the Evil One, shame on such an outrage! If the robber receives ransom not only from God, but a ransom that consists of God himself, and receives such a magnificent payment for his tyranny—a payment for whose sake it would have been right for him to leave us alone entirely. But if to the Father, I ask first, how can this be? For it was not by him that we were being oppressed. And next, on what principle did the Blood of his Only-begotten Son please the Father, who would not even accept Isaac when he was being offered by his father, but changed the sacrifice, putting a ram in place of the human victim? Is it not clear that the Father accepts him, but neither asked for him nor demanded him? Rather, it was because of the Incarnation, and because humanity had to be sanctified by the Humanity of God, so that he might deliver us himself, and overcome the tyrant, and draw us to himself through the mediation of his Son, who also arranged this for the honor of the Father, whom he manifestly obeys in all things. We have said this much about Christ; the greater part of what we could say shall be honored with silence. But that bronze serpent was hung up as a remedy for the biting serpents, not as a type of him who suffered for us, but as a contrast. And it saved those who looked upon it, not because they believed it to be alive, but because it was killed, and with it killed the powers that were subject to it, being destroyed as it deserved. And what is the fitting epitaph for it from us? O death, where is your sting? O grave, where is your victory? You are overthrown by the Cross; you are slain by him who is the Giver of life; you are without breath, dead, without motion, even though you keep the form of a serpent lifted up high on a pole.

XXII. Now we are to examine another fact and dogma, neglected by most people, but in my judgment well worth enquiring into. To Whom was that Blood offered that was shed for us, and why was It shed? I mean the precious and famous Blood of our God and High priest and Sacrifice. We were detained in bondage by the Evil One, sold under sin, and receiving pleasure in exchange for wickedness. Now, since a ransom belongs only to him who holds in bondage, I ask to whom was this offered, and for what cause? If to the Evil One, fie upon the outrage! If the robber receives ransom, not only from God, but a ransom which consists of God Himself, and has such an illustrious payment for his tyranny, a payment for whose sake it would have been right for him to have left us alone altogether. But if to the Father, I ask first, how? For it was not by Him that we were being oppressed; and next, On what principle did the Blood of His Only begotten Son delight the Father, Who would not receive even Isaac, when he was being offered by his Father, but changed the sacrifice, putting a ram in the place of the human victim? Is it not evident that the Father accepts Him, but neither asked for Him nor demanded Him; but on account of the Incarnation, and because Humanity must be sanctified by the Humanity of God, that He might deliver us Himself, and overcome the tyrant, and draw us to Himself by the mediation of His Son, Who also arranged this to the honour of the Father, Whom it is manifest that He obeys in all things? So much we have said of Christ; the greater part of what we might say shall be reverenced with silence. But that brazen serpent Numbers 21:9 was hung up as a remedy for the biting serpents, not as a type of Him that suffered for us, but as a contrast; and it saved those that looked upon it, not because they believed it to live, but because it was killed, and killed with it the powers that were subject to it, being destroyed as it deserved. And what is the fitting epitaph for it from us? O death, where is your sting? O grave, where is your victory? You are overthrown by the Cross; you are slain by Him who is the Giver of life; you are without breath, dead, without motion, even though you keep the form of a serpent lifted up on high on a pole.

23. Now we will partake of a Passover which is still typical, though it is clearer than the old one. For what is now being revealed is always new. It is our part to learn what this drinking and enjoyment are, and His to teach and impart the Word to His disciples. For teaching is food, even to the One who gives food. Come then, and let us partake of the Law, but in a Gospel way, not a literal one; completely, not partially; eternally, not temporarily. Let us fix our minds not on the earthly Jerusalem, but on the heavenly City; not on the one that is now trampled by armies, but on the one that is glorified by Angels. Let us sacrifice not young calves, nor lambs with horns and hooves, in which many parts lack life and feeling; but let us sacrifice to God the sacrifice of praise on the heavenly Altar, with the heavenly worship; let us set aside the first veil, approach the second, and look into the Holy of Holies. Should I say something even greater? Let us sacrifice ourselves to God; or rather let us continue sacrificing every day and at every moment. Let us accept anything for the sake of the Word. Through sufferings let us imitate His Passion; through our blood let us honor His Blood; let us gladly ascend the Cross. The nails are sweet, though they are very painful. For to suffer with Christ and for Christ is better than a comfortable life with others.

XXIII. Now we will partake of a Passover which is still typical; though it is plainer than the old one. For that is ever new which is now becoming known. It is ours to learn what is that drinking and that enjoyment, and His to teach and communicate the Word to His disciples. For teaching is food, even to the Giver of food. Come hither then, and let us partake of the Law, but in a Gospel manner, not a literal one; perfectly, not imperfectly; eternally, not temporarily. Let us make our Head, not the earthly Jerusalem, but the heavenly City; Hebrews 12:22 not that which is now trodden under foot by armies, Luke 21:20-24 but that which is glorified by Angels. Let us sacrifice not young calves, nor lambs that put forth horns and hoofs, in which many parts are destitute of life and feeling; but let us sacrifice to God the sacrifice of praise upon the heavenly Altar, with the heavenly dances; let us hold aside the first veil; let us approach the second, and look into the Holy of Holies. Shall I say that which is a greater thing yet? Let us sacrifice ourselves to God; or rather let us go on sacrificing throughout every day and at every moment. Let us accept anything for the Word's sake. By sufferings let us imitate His Passion: by our blood let us reverence His Blood: let us gladly mount upon the Cross. Sweet are the nails, though they be very painful. For to suffer with Christ and for Christ is better than a life of ease with others.

If you are a Simon of Cyrene, take up the Cross and follow. If you are crucified with Him as a robber, acknowledge God as a penitent robber. If even He was numbered among the transgressors for you and your sin, then you should become law-abiding for His sake. Worship Him who was hanged for you, even if you yourself are hanging; gain something even from your wickedness; purchase salvation by your death; enter with Jesus into Paradise, so that you may learn from what you have fallen. Contemplate the glories that are there; let the murderer die outside with his blasphemies. And if you are a Joseph of Arimathea, beg the Body from the one who crucified Him; make your own that which cleanses the world. If you are a Nicodemus, the worshipper of God by night, bury Him with spices. If you are a Mary, or another Mary, or a Salome, or a Joanna, weep in the early morning. Be first to see the stone taken away, and perhaps you will see the Angels and Jesus Himself. Say something; hear His Voice. If He says to you, Touch Me not, stand far off; reverence the Word, but do not grieve, for He knows those to whom He appears first. Keep the feast of the Resurrection; come to the aid of Eve who was first to fall, of Her who first embraced the Christ and made Him known to the disciples. Be a Peter or a John; hasten to the Sepulchre, running together, running against one another, competing in the noble race. And even if you are beaten in speed, win the victory of zeal; not merely looking into the tomb, but going in. And if, like a Thomas, you were left out when the disciples were assembled to whom Christ shows Himself, when you do see Him do not be faithless; and if you do not believe, then believe those who tell you; and if you cannot believe them either, then have confidence in the print of the nails. If He descends into Hell, descend with Him. Learn to know the mysteries of Christ there also, what is the providential purpose of the twofold descent, to save all men absolutely by His manifestation, or there too only those who believe.

XXIV. If you are a Simon of Cyrene, Mark 15:21 take up the Cross and follow. If you are crucified with Him as a robber, Luke 23:42 acknowledge God as a penitent robber. If even He was numbered among the transgressors Isaiah 53:12 for you and your sin, do you become law-abiding for His sake. Worship Him Who was hanged for you, even if you yourself are hanging; make some gain even from your wickedness; purchase salvation by your death; enter with Jesus into Paradise, Luke 23:43 so that you may learn from what you have fallen. Revelation 2:5 Contemplate the glories that are there; let the murderer die outside with his blasphemies; and if you be a Joseph of Arimathæa, Luke 23:52 beg the Body from him that crucified Him, make your own that which cleanses the world. 1 John 1:7 If you be a Nicodemus, the worshipper of God by night, bury Him with spices. John 19:39 If you be a Mary, or another Mary, or a Salome, or a Joanna, weep in the early morning. Be first to see the stone taken away, and perhaps you will see the Angels and Jesus Himself. Say something; hear His Voice. If He say to you, Touch Me not, stand afar off; reverence the Word, but grieve not; for He knows those to whom He appears first. Keep the feast of the Resurrection; come to the aid of Eve who was first to fall, of Her who first embraced the Christ, and made Him known to the disciples. Be a Peter or a John; hasten to the Sepulchre, running together, running against one another, vying in the noble race. And even if you be beaten in speed, win the victory of zeal; not Looking into the tomb, but Going in. And if, like a Thomas, you were left out when the disciples were assembled to whom Christ shows Himself, when you do see Him be not faithless; and if you do not believe, then believe those who tell you; and if you cannot believe them either, then have confidence in the print of the nails. If He descend into Hell, 1 Peter 3:19 descend with Him. Learn to know the mysteries of Christ there also, what is the providential purpose of the twofold descent, to save all men absolutely by His manifestation, or there too only them that believe.

25. And if He ascends up into Heaven, ascend with Him. Be one of those angels who escort Him, or one of those who receive Him. Call for the gates to be lifted up, or made higher, so they may receive Him, exalted after His Passion. Respond to those who are uncertain because He brings up with Him His body and the marks of His Passion, which He did not have when He came down, and who therefore ask, "Who is this King of Glory?"—tell them that it is the Lord strong and mighty, just as in everything He has done from time to time and does now in His battle and triumph for the sake of humanity. And give to those who doubt the question a twofold answer. And if they marvel and say, as in Isaiah's drama, "Who is this that comes from Edom and from the things of earth?" Or "How are the garments red of Him who is without blood or body, as of one who treads in the full wine-press?" proclaim the beauty of the appearance of the Body that suffered, adorned by the Passion and made splendid by the Godhead, than which nothing can be more lovely or more beautiful.

XXV. And if He ascend up into Heaven, Luke 24:51 ascend with Him. Be one of those angels who escort Him, or one of those who receive Him. Bid the gates be lifted up, or be made higher, that they may receive Him, exalted after His Passion. Answer to those who are in doubt because He bears up with Him His body and the tokens of His Passion, which He had not when He came down, and who therefore inquire, Who is this King of Glory? that it is the Lord strong and mighty, as in all things that He has done from time to time and does, so now in His battle and triumph for the sake of Mankind. And give to the doubting of the question the twofold answer. And if they marvel and say as in Isaiah's drama Who is this that comes from Edom and from the things of earth? Or How are the garments red of Him that is without blood or body, as of one that treads in the full wine-press? Isaiah 63:1 set forth the beauty of the array of the Body that suffered, adorned by the Passion, and made splendid by the Godhead, than which nothing can be more lovely or more beautiful.

What will those critics say to this—those harsh reasoners about God, those who disparage everything praiseworthy, those who darken the Light, those lacking wisdom, for whom Christ died in vain, ungrateful creatures, the work of the Evil One? Do you turn this blessing into a charge against God? Will you think less of Him because He humbled Himself for your sake? Because the Good Shepherd, who lays down His life for the sheep, came to the mountains and hills where you used to sacrifice, seeking what had wandered away? He found the wandering one and took it on His shoulders—the same shoulders that carried the wood—and carried it back to the life above, and brought it back and counted it among those who never strayed. He lit a lamp, His own flesh, and swept the house by cleansing the sin of the world. He searched for the coin, the Royal Image covered over with passions, and called together His friends, the Angelic Powers, to share in His joy at finding the coin, just as He had earlier made them sharers in the secret of His Incarnation. The Light that is exceedingly bright followed the lamp—the Forerunner—and the Word followed the Voice, and the Bridegroom followed the Bridegroom's friend, who prepared a special people for the Lord and cleansed them with water in preparation for the Spirit. Do you reproach God for this? Do you think less of Him because He wraps a towel around Himself and washes His disciples' feet, showing that humility is the best path to exaltation? Because He humbles Himself for the sake of the soul bent down to the ground, so that He may lift up what is bent double under the weight of sin? Why don't you also accuse Him of a crime because He eats with tax collectors at their tables and makes disciples of tax collectors, so that He too may gain something? And what does He gain? The salvation of sinners. If so, one must also blame the physician for bending over suffering and enduring foul smells in order to heal the sick, and blame the one who leans over the ditch to rescue the animal that has fallen into it, as the Law requires.

XXVI. To this what will those cavillers say, those bitter reasoners about Godhead, those detractors of all things that are praiseworthy, those darkeners of Light, uncultured in respect of Wisdom, for whom Christ died in vain, unthankful creatures, the work of the Evil One. Do you turn this benefit into a reproach to God? Will you deem Him little on this account, that He humbled Himself for your sake, and because to seek for that which had wandered the Good Shepherd, He who lays down His life for the sheep, John 10:11 came upon the mountains and hills upon which you used to sacrifice, John 5:35 and found the wandering one; and having found it, took it upon His shoulders, Hosea 4:13 on which He also bore the wood; and having borne it, brought it back to the life above; and having brought it back, numbered it among those who have never strayed. That He lit a candle, Luke 15:4-5 His own flesh, and swept the house, by cleansing away the sin of the world, and sought for the coin, the Royal Image that was all covered up with passions, and calls together His friends, the Angelic Powers, at the finding of the coin, and makes them sharers of His joy, as He had before made them sharers of the secret of His Incarnation? That the Light that is exceeding bright should follow the Candle — Forerunner, and the Word, the Voice, and the Bridegroom, the Bridegroom's friend, that prepared for the Lord a peculiar people and cleansed them by the water Matthew 3:11 in preparation for the Spirit? Do you Reproach God with this? Do you conceive of Him as less because He girds Himself with a towel and washes His disciples, John 13:4-5 and shows that humiliation is the best road to exaltation; Matthew 23:12 because He humbles Himself for the sake of the soul that is bent down to the ground, that He may even exalt with Himself that which is bent double under a weight of sin? How comes it that you do not also charge it upon Him as a crime that He eats with Publicans Mark 2:15-16 and at Publicans' tables, and makes disciples of Publicans Luke 15:2 that He too may make some gain. And what gain? The salvation of sinners. If so, one must blame the physician for stooping over suffering and putting up with evil smells in order to give health to the sick; and him also who leans over the ditch, that he may, according to the Law, save the beast that has fallen into it.

He was sent, but sent according to His Manhood (for He was of two natures), since He was hungry and thirsty and weary, and was distressed and wept, according to the laws of human nature. But even if He were sent also as God, what does that matter? Consider the mission to be the good pleasure of the Father, to which He refers everything that concerns Himself, both to honor the eternal Principle and to avoid appearing to be a rival God. For on one hand He is said to have been betrayed, and on the other it is written that He gave Himself up; and likewise, that He was raised and taken up by the Father, and also that by His own power He rose and ascended. The former belongs to the good pleasure, the latter to His own authority; but you focus on everything that diminishes Him while you ignore everything that exalts Him. For example, you emphasize that He suffered, but you don't add that it was by His own will. How much the Word must suffer even now! By some He is honored as God but confused with the Father; by others He is dishonored as flesh and is severed from God. With whom should He be most angry—or rather, which should He forgive—those who falsely contract Him, or those who divide Him? For the former ought to have made a distinction, and the latter to have made a union, the one in number, the other in Godhead. Do you stumble at His flesh? So did the Jews. Do you call Him a Samaritan, and the rest which I will not repeat? Even the demons did not do this, O man more unbelieving than demons and more stupid than Jews. The Jews recognized the title Son as expressing equal rank; and the demons knew that He who drove them out was God, for they were persuaded by their own experience. But you will neither admit the equality nor confess the Godhead. It would have been better for you to have been circumcised and a demoniac—to reduce the matter to an absurdity—than in uncircumcision and robust health to be so ill and ungodly disposed. But as for our war with such men, let it be brought to an end by their returning, however late, to a sound mind, if they will; or else, if they will not, let it be postponed to another occasion if they continue as they are. In any case, we will have no fear when contending for the Trinity with the help of the Trinity.

XXVII. He was sent, but sent according to His Manhood (for He was of two Natures), since He was hungry and thirsty and weary, and was distressed and wept, according to the Laws of human nature. But even if He were sent also as God, what of that? Consider the Mission to be the good pleasure of the Father, to which He refers all that concerns Himself, both that He may honour the Eternal Principle, and that He may avoid the appearance of being a rival God. For He is said on the one hand to have been betrayed, and on the other it is written that He gave Himself up; and so too that He was raised and taken up by the Father, and also that of His own power He rose and ascended. The former belongs to the Good Pleasure, the latter to His own Authority; but you dwell upon all that diminishes Him, while you ignore all that exalts Him. For instance, you score that He suffered, but you do not add of His own Will. Ah, what things has the Word even now to suffer! By some He is honoured as God but confused with the Father; by others He is dishonoured as Flesh, and is severed from God. With whom shall He be most angry — or rather which shall He forgive — those who falsely contract Him, or those who divide Him? For the former ought to have made a distinction, and the latter to have made a Union, the one in number, the other in Godhead. Do you stumble at His Flesh? So did the Jews. Do you call Him a Samaritan, John 8:48 and the rest which I will not utter? This did not even the demons, O man more unbelieving than demons, and more stupid than Jews. The Jews recognized the title Son as expressing equal rank; and the demons knew that He who drove them out was God, for they were persuaded by their own experience. But you will not either admit the equality or confess the Godhead. It would have been better for you to have been circumcised and a demoniac — to reduce the matter to an absurdity — than in uncircumcision and robust health to be thus ill and ungodly disposed. But for our war with such men, let it be brought to an end by their returning, however late, to a sound mind, if they will; or else if they will not, let it be postponed to another occasion, if they continue as they are. Anyhow, we will have no fear when contending for the Trinity with the help of the Trinity.

28. We need to summarize our teaching this way: We were created so that we might be made happy. We were made happy when we were created. Paradise was entrusted to us so that we might enjoy life. We received a commandment so that we might gain a good reputation by keeping it—not because God did not know what would happen, but because He had established the law of free will. We were deceived because we were envied. We were cast out because we transgressed. We fasted because we refused to fast, having been overpowered by the tree of knowledge. The commandment was ancient, existing from the beginning with us, and it was a kind of training for our souls and a restraint against indulgence. We were reasonably made subject to it so that we might recover by keeping it what we had lost by not keeping it. We needed an incarnate God, a God put to death, so that we might live. We were put to death together with Him so that we might be cleansed. We rose again with Him because we were put to death with Him. We were glorified with Him because we rose again with Him.

XXVIII. It is now needful for us to sum up our discourse as follows: We were created that we might be made happy. We were made happy when we were created. We were entrusted with Paradise that we might enjoy life. We received a Commandment that we might obtain a good repute by keeping it; not that God did not know what would take place, but because He had laid down the law of Free Will. We were deceived because we were the objects of envy. We were cast out because we transgressed. We fasted because we refused to fast, being overpowered by the Tree of Knowledge. For the Commandment was ancient, coeval with ourselves, and was a kind of education of our souls and curb of luxury, to which we were reasonably made subject, in order that we might recover by keeping it that which we had lost by not keeping it. We needed an Incarnate God, a God put to death, that we might live. We were put to death together with Him, that we might be cleansed; we rose again with Him because we were put to death with Him; we were glorified with Him, because we rose again with Him.

There are indeed many miracles from that time: God crucified; the sun darkened and then lit again, for it was fitting that creation should suffer alongside its Creator; the temple veil torn; the Blood and Water poured from His side—one as from a man, the other as beyond man; the rocks split for the sake of the Rock; the dead raised as a guarantee of the final Resurrection of all people; the signs at the tomb and after the tomb, which no one can adequately celebrate; and yet none of these equals the miracle of my salvation. A few drops of Blood recreate the entire world and become to all people what rennet is to milk, drawing us together and binding us into unity.

XXIX. Many indeed are the miracles of that time: God crucified; the sun darkened and again rekindled; for it was fitting that the creatures should suffer with their Creator; the veil rent; the Blood and Water shed from His Side; the one as from a man, the other as above man; the rocks rent for the Rock's sake; the dead raised for a pledge of the final Resurrection of all men; the Signs at the Sepulchre and after the Sepulchre, which none can worthily celebrate; and yet none of these equal to the Miracle of my salvation. A few drops of Blood recreate the whole world, and become to all men what rennet is to milk, drawing us together and compressing us into unity.

30. But, O Pascha, great and holy and purifier of all the world—for I will speak to you as to a living person—O Word of God and Light and Life and Wisdom and Might—for I rejoice in all Your names—O Offspring and Expression and Signet of the Great Mind, O Word conceived and Man contemplated, who bears all things, binding them by the Word of Your power: receive this discourse, not now as firstfruits, but perhaps as the completion of my offerings, a thanksgiving and at the same time a supplication, that we may suffer no evil beyond those necessary and sacred struggles in which our life has been spent. Stop the tyranny of the body over us—You see, O Lord, how great it is and how it bows me down—or impose Your own sentence if we are to be condemned by You. But if we are to be released according to our desire and be received into the heavenly Tabernacle, there too perhaps we shall offer You acceptable sacrifices upon Your altar, to Father and Word and Holy Spirit, for to You belongs all glory and honor and might, world without end. Amen.

XXX. But, O Pascha, great and holy and purifier of all the world — for I will speak to you as to a living person — O Word of God and Light and Life and Wisdom and Might — for I rejoice in all Your names — O Offspring and Expression and Signet of the Great Mind; O Word conceived and Man contemplated, Who bearest all things, binding them by the Word of Your power; receive this discourse, not now as firstfruits, but perhaps as the completion of my offerings, a thanksgiving, and at the same time a supplication, that we may suffer no evil beyond those necessary and sacred cares in which our life has been passed; and stay the tyranny of the body over us; (You see, O Lord, how great it is and how it bows me down) or Your own sentence, if we are to be condemned by You. But if we are to be released, in accordance with our desire, and be received into the Heavenly Tabernacle, there too it may be we shall offer You acceptable Sacrifices upon Your Altar, to Father and Word and Holy Ghost; for to You belongs all glory and honour and might, world without end. Amen.